Table 6.
Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Dietary Glycemic Index and Congenital Heart Defects Using Spline Regression and Quartile Categorization, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2007
| Defect | Spline Regression |
DGI Quartilesa |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No.b | Cutoff | High DGI |
49.1–52.3 |
52.4–55.6 |
>55.6 |
|||||
| ORc | 95% CI | ORc | 95% CI | ORc | 95% CI | ORc | 95% CI | |||
| Conotruncal defects | ||||||||||
| Truncus arteriosus | 66 | None | 1.06 | 0.54, 2.11 | 0.90 | 0.44, 1.86 | 0.78 | 0.36, 1.69 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 732 | None | 1.17 | 0.95, 1.45 | 1.06 | 0.84, 1.32 | 1.01 | 0.80, 1.29 | ||
| d-TGA | 510 | None | 1.09 | 0.85, 1.41 | 0.95 | 0.73, 1.24 | 1.13 | 0.85, 1.49 | ||
| DORV/TGA | 109 | 60 | 1.58 | 0.74, 3.36 | 0.79 | 0.47, 1.33 | 0.57 | 0.32, 1.02 | 0.88 | 0.50, 1.54 |
| VSD, conoventricular | 100 | None | 1.30 | 0.77, 2.18 | 0.84 | 0.47, 1.51 | 0.58 | 0.29, 1.15 | ||
| Anomalous pulmonary venous return | ||||||||||
| Total APVR | 193 | None | 1.05 | 0.70, 1.58 | 1.27 | 0.85, 1.89 | 0.97 | 0.61, 1.53 | ||
| Partial APVR | 42 | None | 0.89 | 0.40, 1.97 | 0.40 | 0.15, 1.04 | 0.42 | 0.16, 1.07 | ||
| Left ventricular outflow tract defects | ||||||||||
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 392 | None | 1.11 | 0.83, 1.49 | 1.00 | 0.74, 1.35 | 1.16 | 0.84, 1.58 | ||
| Coarctation of the aorta | 692 | None | 0.92 | 0.74, 1.14 | 0.90 | 0.72, 1.12 | 0.82 | 0.65, 1.05 | ||
| Aortic stenosis | 302 | None | 0.97 | 0.70, 1.36 | 0.98 | 0.69, 1.38 | 1.29 | 0.91, 1.82 | ||
| Septal defects | ||||||||||
| VSD, perimembranous | 1296 | None | 1.08 | 0.92, 1.28 | 1.07 | 0.90, 1.27 | 0.93 | 0.77, 1.12 | ||
| Atrial septal defect, secundum | 1501 | 61 | 1.37 | 1.01, 1.85 | 1.04 | 0.88, 1.23 | 1.00 | 0.84, 1.18 | 1.10 | 0.93, 1.31 |
| Single ventricle | 213 | 61 | 1.90 | 0.98, 3.70 | 1.65 | 1.09, 2.49 | 1.49 | 0.97, 2.29 | 1.84 | 1.18, 2.85 |
| Atrioventricular septal defect | 213 | 63 | 1.69 | 0.52, 5.52 | 1.24 | 0.83, 1.87 | 1.03 | 0.67, 1.57 | 1.21 | 0.79, 1.86 |
| Pulmonary atresia | 158 | None | 1.30 | 0.83, 2.03 | 1.02 | 0.63, 1.65 | 1.50 | 0.92, 2.44 | ||
| Ebstein anomaly | 111 | None | 1.03 | 0.61, 1.75 | 1.06 | 0.62, 1.81 | 0.89 | 0.49, 1.61 | ||
| Tricuspid atresia | 105 | None | 1.29 | 0.74, 2.26 | 1.12 | 0.62, 2.00 | 1.27 | 0.69, 2.33 | ||
| Heterotaxia with CHD | 213 | None | 1.42 | 0.94, 2.14 | 1.54 | 1.02, 2.33 | 1.55 | 0.99, 2.41 | ||
| Heterotaxia without CHD | 42 | None | 1.36 | 0.58, 3.19 | 1.06 | 0.42, 2.67 | 1.38 | 0.53, 3.60 | ||
|
49.1–52.3 |
52.4–55.7 |
>55.7 |
||||||||
| ORc | 95% CI | ORc | 95% CI | ORc | 95% CI | |||||
| Pulmonary valve stenosis | 924 | 64 | 1.60 | 0.73, 3.52 | 1.19 | 0.98, 1.46 | 1.09 | 0.88, 1.34 | 1.06 | 0.85, 1.32 |
Abbreviations: APVR, anomalous pulmonary venous return; CHD, congenital heart defect; CI, confidence interval; DGI, dietary glycemic index; DORV/TGA, double outlet right ventricle with transposition of great arteries; d-TGA, dextro-transposition of the great arteries; OR, odds ratio; VSD, ventricular septal defect.
a Reference group for quartile odds ratios is DGI <49.1.
b Number of cases in adjusted regression model.
c Odds ratios adjusted for site, maternal age, maternal education, maternal race, and folic acid use in the month prior to or after conception.