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. 2012 Nov 21;176(12):1147–1158. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws212

Table 2.

Hazard Ratios for Association Between Perinatal or Family Characteristics and Hodgkin Lymphoma, Sweden, 1973–2009

Any Hodgkin Lymphoma (n = 943)
 Nodular Sclerosis, Adjusteda (n = 572)
 Mixed Cellularity, Adjusteda (n = 76)
Unadjusted
 Adjusteda
 HR 95% CI P Valueb HR 95% CI P Valueb
HR 95% CI HR 95% CI P Valueb
Sex
 Female 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 Male 1.02 0.90, 1.16 1.01 0.89, 1.15 0.86 0.70 0.60, 0.83 <0.001 2.62 1.57, 4.37 <0.001
Birth year
 1973–1979 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 1980–1984 1.12 0.95, 1.32 1.09 0.92, 1.29 1.35 1.09, 1.68 1.24 0.68, 2.23
 1985–1989 1.09 0.89, 1.32 1.04 0.85, 1.28 1.25 0.97, 1.63 1.26 0.63, 2.52
 1990–1994 1.06 0.80, 1.41 1.01 0.75, 1.34 1.26 0.87, 1.82 1.96 0.77, 4.98
 1995–1999 1.25 0.72, 2.16 1.16 0.67, 2.01 2.63 1.31, 5.27 1.41 0.29, 6.92
 2000–2004 0.27 0.04, 1.99 0.24 0.03, 1.80 1.20 0.15, 9.61 NE
 2005–2008 1.60 0.20, 12.85 1.70 0.21, 13.56 NE NE
 Per each additional category 1.03 0.96, 1.10 1.02 0.95, 1.09 0.81 1.12 1.02, 1.23 0.01 1.16 0.92, 1.46 0.22
Fetal growth, SD
 <−2 0.76 0.52, 1.12 0.77 0.52, 1.13 1.00 1.00
 −2 to <−1 0.87 0.71, 1.07 0.87 0.71, 1.07 1.08 0.65, 1.80 2.13 0.27, 16.91
 −1 to <0 1.05 0.90, 1.23 1.04 0.89, 1.22 1.28 0.78, 2.07 3.34 0.45, 24.71
 0 to <1 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.29 0.79, 2.11 2.11 0.28, 16.07
 1 to <2 1.24 1.01, 1.54 1.25 1.01, 1.55 1.60 0.95, 2.70 4.63 0.60, 35.77
 ≥2 0.97 0.64, 1.47 0.97 0.64, 1.48 1.54 0.79, 2.98 5.29 0.58, 48.10
 Per SD 1.09 1.03, 1.16 1.09 1.03, 1.16 0.005 1.12 1.04, 1.21 0.004 1.22 0.98, 1.50 0.07
Birth weight, g
 <2,500 0.73 0.50, 1.08 0.51 0.31, 0.86 0.59 0.31, 1.13 NE
 2,500–3,999 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 ≥4,000 1.09 0.93, 1.29 1.09 0.93, 1.29 1.21 0.98, 1.50 0.98 0.54, 1.77
 Per 1,000 g 1.16 1.03, 1.30 1.24 1.09, 1.42 0.002 1.34 1.12, 1.59 0.001 1.41 0.88, 2.24 0.15
Birth length, cm
 <48 0.93 0.74, 1.17 0.86 0.66, 1.11 0.92 0.67, 1.28 0.35 0.10, 1.20
 48–52 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 ≥53 1.20 1.02, 1.42 1.20 1.02, 1.42 1.32 1.06, 1.63 1.56 0.92, 2.65
 Per cm 1.03 1.00, 1.06 0.03 1.01, 1.08 0.005 1.06 1.02, 1.10 0.004 1.13 1.02, 1.26 0.02
Ponderal index, g × 100/cm3
 <2.60 1.00 0.86, 1.16 0.98 0.84, 1.14 1.06 0.87, 1.30 1.19 0.71, 1.98
 2.60–2.89 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 ≥2.90 1.05 0.89, 1.23 1.06 0.90, 1.25 1.19 0.97, 1.46 0.94 0.51, 1.72
 Per 0.10 units 1.00 0.99, 1.02 1.01 1.00, 1.02 0.25 1.00 0.99, 1.02 0.50 0.96 0.87, 1.05 0.34
Gestational age at birth, weeks
 22–28 0.88 0.12, 6.28 0.92 0.13, 6.56 1.50 0.21, 10.68 NE
 29–33 1.32 0.75, 2.33 1.38 0.78, 2.46 1.71 0.87, 3.33 NE
 34–36 1.07 0.79, 1.47 1.10 0.80, 1.51 0.83 0.53, 1.33 1.93 0.82, 4.50
 37–42 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 ≥43 0.87 0.53, 1.42 0.92 0.56, 1.51 0.97 0.52, 1.83 0.89 0.12, 6.50
 Per week 1.00 0.97, 1.04 1.00 0.97, 1.04 0.86 1.02 0.97, 1.07 0.51 0.96 0.85, 1.09 0.54
Multiple birth
 Singleton 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 Twin 0.87 0.52, 1.45 0.91 0.54, 1.54 0.72 1.05 0.55, 2.00 0.89 0.67 0.09, 5.10 0.70
Birth order
 1 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 2 0.91 0.78, 1.05 0.87 0.74, 1.01 0.92 0.76, 1.12 0.81 0.45, 1.45
 3 1.01 0.84, 1.22 0.96 0.78, 1.18 0.94 0.72, 1.23 1.62 0.82, 3.21
 4 0.74 0.51, 1.07 0.70 0.48, 1.04 0.73 0.45, 1.19 1.37 0.44, 4.27
 ≥5 1.14 0.72, 1.81 1.10 0.67, 1.79 0.76 0.36, 1.58 1.64 0.35, 7.78
 Per each additional category 0.98 0.91, 1.05 0.96 0.88, 1.04 0.28 0.94 0.84, 1.04 0.24 1.17 0.89, 1.54 0.25
Maternal age at delivery, years
 <20 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 20–24 1.06 0.72, 1.56 1.06 0.72, 1.57 1.35 0.78, 2.35 0.48 0.18, 1.33
 25–29 1.17 0.80, 1.71 1.17 0.79, 1.73 1.38 0.79, 2.40 0.41 0.15, 1.16
 30–34 1.12 0.76, 1.65 1.12 0.74, 1.69 1.37 0.77, 2.44 0.37 0.12, 1.13
 35–39 1.27 0.84, 1.94 1.29 0.82, 2.02 1.49 0.80, 2.79 0.43 0.12, 1.55
 ≥40 1.18 0.63, 2.21 1.21 0.63, 2.32 1.48 0.62, 3.54 0.57 0.10, 3.36
 Per each additional category 1.04 0.98, 1.11 1.04 0.97, 1.12 0.24 1.04 0.95, 1.14 0.43 0.90 0.69, 1.17 0.44
Maternal education, years
 ≤9 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 10–11 1.12 0.95, 1.33 1.11 0.94, 1.32 1.05 0.84, 1.31 1.04 0.58, 1.85
 12–14 1.17 0.97, 1.41 1.11 0.91, 1.36 1.01 0.78, 1.31 0.91 0.44, 1.88
 ≥15 1.30 1.04, 1.62 1.17 0.91, 1.52 1.00 0.72, 1.40 0.99 0.38, 2.56
 Unknown 1.04 0.74, 1.46 1.07 0.75, 1.51 0.86 0.53, 1.38 1.01 0.30, 3.42
 Per each additional category 1.08 1.01, 1.16 1.04 0.96, 1.13 0.31 0.99 0.90, 1.10 0.88 0.99 0.74, 1.32 0.94
Paternal education, years
 ≤9 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 10–11 1.02 0.86, 1.21 1.03 0.86, 1.22 1.07 0.86, 1.35 1.35 0.75, 2.42
 12–14 1.17 0.98, 1.40 1.13 0.94, 1.36 1.14 0.90, 1.46 1.26 0.65, 2.45
 ≥15 1.22 0.99, 1.49 1.11 0.88, 1.41 1.37 1.02, 1.84 1.09 0.44, 2.68
 Unknown 0.89 0.64, 1.24 0.89 0.64, 1.24 0.98 0.64, 1.49 0.26 0.03, 1.99
 Per each additional category 1.08 1.01, 1.15 1.05 0.98, 1.13 0.20 1.10 1.00, 1.21 0.05 1.05 0.82, 1.36 0.68
Hodgkin lymphoma in a sibling
 No 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 Yes 9.60 3.99, 23.11 8.83 3.67, 21.30 <0.001 11.51 4.29, 30.89 <0.001 NE NE
Hodgkin lymphoma in a parent
 No 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
 Yes 7.57 3.77, 15.17 7.19 3.58, 14.44 <0.001 7.33 3.03, 17.73 <0.001 11.68 1.62, 84.03 0.01

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; NE, not estimable; SD, standard deviation.

a The adjusted model included sex, birth year, fetal growth, gestational age at birth, multiple birth, birth order, maternal age at delivery, maternal and paternal education levels, and family history of Hodgkin lymphoma in a sibling or parent. Birth weight, birth length, and ponderal index were each examined in separate models as alternatives to the standardized fetal growth variable.

b Ptrend for continuous or ordered polytomous variables and Wald P value for dichotomous variables. Missing parental education data were excluded for trend tests.