Fig 10.

PIV genomes can be delivered into cells in several ways: as in vitro-synthesized RNA, as a plasmid carrying the PIV genome under the control of the RNA polymerase II promoter, or packaged into infectious viral particles, which also mediate efficient genome delivery. Regardless of the means of delivery, replication of the PIV genome leads to efficient intracellular expression of viral structural proteins, their presentation at the plasma membrane, and their release in VLP form. Intracellular replication of defective genomes and protein expression also trigger the induction of cytokines, which promotes the development of the adaptive immune response.