Table 1.
Recently reported optical chemical sensors for metal ions.
| Analyte | Reagent or Indicator | Immobilization material | Sample | linear response range | Limit of detection | pH | Selectivity | Detection method | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pb(II) | Ionophore (lead IV), proton-selective chromoionophore (ETH 5294) and lipophilic anionic sites (KTpClPB) | PVC membrane | Water sample | 1.26 × 10−8 to 3.16 × 10−5 mol·L−1 | 8.97 × 10−9 mol·L−1 | 7.0 | Na(I), K(I), Mg(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Ag(I) | Absorption | [107] |
| 2 | Pb(II) | Triazolothiadiazine | PVC membrane | Water sample | 5.0 × 10−8 to 3.8 × 10−4 M | 2.2 × 10−8 M | 5.0–6.0 | Good selectivity for Pb(II) over other metal ions | Fluorescence | [108] |
| 3 | Pb(II) | 2,7-bis(2-Arsenophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulphonic acid (arsenazoIII or ASA III) | XAD-16 | Aqueous solution | 0.2 to 20.7 ppm | 0.01 ppm | 5.0 | Non-selective | Reflectance | [109] |
| 4 | Pb(II) | Synthesized 5,10,15,20-tetra-(3-bromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (TBHPP) | PVC flim | Aqueous solution | 5 × 10−6 to 4 × 10−4 mol·L−1 | 4 × 10−8 μM | 6.0–7.8 | Selective for Pb(II) over Na(I), K(I), Ca(I), Mg(II), | Fluorescence | [110] |
| 5 | Pb(II) | 4-Hydroxysalophen | -- | Aqueous solution | 1.0 × 10−3 to 1.0 × 10−7 mol·L−1 | 8.6 × 10−8 mol·L−1 | 3.7 | Excellent selectivity toward Pb(II) w.r.t other metal ions | Absorption | [111] |
| 6 | Cu(II) | Functional CdS nanoparticles | -- | Water sample | 0.09 to 27.0 μg·L−1 | 3.2 ng·L−1 | 4.9 | Selectivity toward Cu(II) w.r.t other metal ions expect the Fe(III) | Fluorescence | [112] |
| 7 | Cu(II) | 4,5-Disubstituted-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives | -- | Aqueous solution | -- | 2.48 ppm | 4.9–13 | Selectivive toward Cu(II) w.r.t other metal ions | Fluorescence | [113] |
| 8 | Cu(II) | 4,5-Disubstituted-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives | -- | Aqueous solutions | -- | 0.52 ppm | 4.2–13 | Selectivive toward Cu(II) w.r.t other metal ions | Absorption | [113] |
| 9 | Cu(II) | Functionalized-8-hydroxyquinoline | -- | Water samples | -- | 4.7 nM | 7.2 | Selective for Cu(II)over other ions | Fluorescence/Absorption | [114] |
| 10 | Cu(II) | poly(2,5-di(Propyloxysulfonate)-1,4-phenyleneethynyl)-ene-9,10-anthrylene | -- | Buffer solution | 0.0 to 100,000 μmol·L−1 | 5.0 nmol·L−1 | 7.5 | Sensitive but less selective | Fluorescence | [115] |
| 11 | Cu(II) | 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione-2-oxime thiosemi-carbazone (PPDOT) | Triacetylcellulosemembrane | Water sample | 7.5 × 10−6 to 2.0 × 10−4 | 8.0 × 10−7 μM | 5.8 | Sensitive but less selective | Absorption | [116] |
| 12 | Cu(II) | 4-[(E)-2-(4′-Methyl-2,2′-bipyridin-4-yl)vinyl]phenol | Sol-gel matrix | Spring water samples | 2.5 to 50 μmol·L−1 | 4.7 × 10−7 μM | 5.0 | Poor selectivity | Fluorescence | [117] |
| 13 | Hg(II) | tris[2-(4-Phenyldiazenyl)phenylaminoethoxy]cyclotriveratrylene (TPPECTV) | Triacetylcellulose membrane | River water | 0 to 2.0 × 10−5 M | 5.0 μM | 5.8 | Less selective | Absorbance | [118] |
| 14 | Hg(II) | tris[2-(4-Phenyldiazenyl)phenylamino)ethoxy]cyclotriveratrylene (TPPECTV) | PVC film | River water | 1.0 × 10−6 to 2.5 × 10−4 M | 0.5 μM | 7.0 | Selective for Hg(II) inpresence of other ions | Absorbance | [119] |
| 15 | Hg(II) | 4-Ethyl-5-hydroxy-5,6-dipyridin-2-yl-4,5-dihydro-2H-[1,2,4]-triazine-3-thione | PVC membrane | Tap water | 5.0 × 10−10 to 5.0 × 10−5 M | 1.8 × 10−7 μM | 5.5 | Highly selective for Hg(II) | Fluorescence | [120] |
| 16 | Hg(II) | Quinolin-8-ol-p-[10′,15′,20′-triphenyl-5′-porphyrinyl]-benzoate | -- | Aqueous ethanol | 3 × 10−7 to 2 × 10−5 M | 2.2 × 10−8 μM | 5.0–9.0 | Excellentselectivity to Hg(II)over transitionmetalcations except Cu(II) | Fluorescence | [121] |
| 17 | Hg(II) | 2,6-Pyridinedicarbox-aldehydebis(o-hydroxyphenylimine) | -- | Aqueous solutions | 5.0 × 10−5 to 2.5 × 10−8 M | 5.0 × 10−8 μM | 6.5–7.5 | Highly selective for Hg(II) over Na(I), Ca(I), Mg(II) and Fe(II) | Luminescence | [122] |
| 18 | Hg(II) | (1Z,2Z)-N′1,N′2-dihydroxy-N1,N2-dipyridin-2-yl-ethanediimidamide | Agarose membrane | Aqueous solutions | 5.78 × 10−9 to 1.05 × 10−3 M | 1.71 × 10−9 μM | 4.0 | Highly selective to Hg(II)ion | Absorption | [123] |
| 19 | Hg(II) | 2-[(2-sulfanylphenyl)ethanimidoyl]phenol | Agarosemembrane | Water sample | 1 × 10−2 to 1 × 10−5 mol·L−1 | 1 × 10−6 mol·L−1 | 4.5 | Presence of other has minor effects on the selective for Hg(II) | Absorption | [124] |
| 20 | Hg(II) | 4-Phenyl-2,6-bis(2,3,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,4,7]-trioxononin-9-yl)-pyrylium perchlorate | Sol-gel layer | Aqueous solution | 1.52 × 10−9to 1.70 × 10−2 M | 1.11 × 10−9 μM | 5.0 | Selective for Hg(II) in other cations | Absorption | [125] |
| 21 | Hg(II) | 4-Phenyl-2,6-bis(2,3,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,4,7]trioxo-nonyn-9-yl)pyrylium perchlorate | PVC membrane | Aqueous solution | 2.95 × 10−10 to 3.20 × 10−3 M | 1.01×10−1° μM | 5.0 | Selective for Hg(II)ions over other metal ions | Absorption | [126] |
| 22 | Hg(II) | Rhodamine B derivative (RND) | PVC membrane | Environmental water | 1.0 × 10−9 to 2.0 × 10−3 M | 8.1 × 10−10 μM | 6.5 | Selective for Hg(II)ions with respect to other cations | Fluorescence | [127] |
| 23 | Hg(II) | 4-[(E)-2-(4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridin-4-yl)vinyl]phenol | Sol-gel matrix | Spring water samples | 2.5 to 50 μmol·L−1 | 2.9 × 10−7 | 5.0 | Poor selectivity | Fluorescence | [117] |
| 24 | Hg(II) | Tetrathia-12-crown-4 (TT12C4) | PVC membrane | aqueous solution | 9.5 × 10−9 to 1.8 × 10−5 mol·L−1 | 8.1 × 10−10 mol·L−1 | 7.0 | Selective and fully reversible | Absorption | [128] |
| 25 | Hg(II) | 4-(2-Pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) | tri-(2-Ethylhexyl) phosphate plasticized cellulose triacetate matrix | aqueous solution | 0.22 to 1.32 μg/mL | 0.11 μgm−1·L−1 | 7.5 | Sensitive but non-selective | Absorption | [129] |
| 26 | Hg(II) | Hexathiacyclooctadecane | PVC membrane | Water samples | 2.1 × 10−7 to 1.2 × 10−4 mol·L−1 | 2.0 × 10−7 mol·L−1 | 4.0 | Selective and disposable | Absorption | [130] |
| 27 | Cd(II) | 2-Amino-cyclopentene-1-dithiocarboxylic acid | Triacetylcellulose membrane | Water samples | 3.0 × 10−6 to 3.4 × 10−4 M | 1.0 × 10−6 M | 6.2 | Selective at certain pH value | Absorption | [131] |
| 28 | Cd(II) | 4-Hydroxysalophen | Triacetyl cellulose | Aqueous solution | 1.0 × 10−6 to 5.0 × 10−2 M | 5.3 × 10−7 mol·L−1 | 6.0 | More selective for Cd(II) than Nafion sensor | Absorption | [132] |
| 29 | Cd(II) | 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) | Tri-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphate plasticized Cellulose Triacetate matrix | Water samples | 250 ng·mL−1 to 5,000 ng·mL−1 | 250 ng·L−1 | 7.5 | Selective at certain pH value | Absorption | [133] |
| 30 | Cd(II) | 4-Hydroxysalophen | PVC membrane | Water samples | 1.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−1 mol·L−1 | 8.4 × 10−7 mol·L−1 | 2.8–8,1 | Sensitive and less selective | Absorption | [134] |
| 31 | Cd(II) | Rhod-5N | -- | Buffered solutions | -- | 0.45 μg·L−1 | 7.0 | Good selectivity towards Cd (II) in the presence of Pb(II) | Fluorescence | [135] |
| 32 | Ag(I) | 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) | -- | Buffered solutions | -- | 50 nM | 4.0 | Selective toward Ag(I) in the presence of other metal ions | Absorption | [136] |
| 33 | Zinc(II) | 1-Methyl-1-phenyl-3-[1-hydroxyimino-2-(succinimido)ethyl]-cyclobutane (MCB) | PVC membrane | Tap water | 8.0 × 10−8 to 1.6 × 10−4 mol·L−1 | 2.5 × 10−8 mol·L−1 | 6.0 | Less selective toward Zinc(II) in the presence of Co(II) and Ni(II) | Fluorescence | [137] |
| 34 | Zinc(II) | 1-(p-Nitrophenylazo)-2-naphthol (disperse azo dye) | PVC membrane | -- | 5.0 × 10−3 to 1.0 × 10−6 M | 8.0 × 10−7 | 9.0 | Presence of Cu(II), Co(II)and Ni(II) affect selectivity | Fluorescence | [138] |
| 35 | Zinc(II) | 4-Benzoxazol-2-yl-3-hydroxyphenylallyl ether | 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) | Tap river water | 8.0 × 10−5 to 4.0 × 10−3 mol·L−1 | 4.5 × 10−5 mol·L−1 | 3.73–9.19 | Good selectivityfor Zn(II) in the presence of Cd(II) | Fluorescence | [139] |
| 36 | Zinc(II) | 8-Pyridylmethyloxy-2-methylquinoline | Water-soluble | Nutrition supplements/zinc gluconate solution of sanchine | 7.5 × 10−8 to 2.5 × 10−5M | 1.5 × 10−5 μM | 4.5–9.2 | Selective for Zn(II)In the presence ofother metal ions except for Cd(II) | Fluorescence | [140] |
| 37 | Zinc(II) | N-Methyl-α,β,γ,δ-tetraphenylporphine (NMTPPH) | -- | Ethanol–water solution | 5.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−5 mol·L−1 | 1.5 × 10−7 mol·L−1 | 6.3–10.5 | Selective for Zn(II)affected by Cu(II) and Hg(II) | Fluorescence | [141] |
| 38 | Fe(III) | Rhodamine-based thiacalix[4]arene derivative | -- | Ethanol water solution | 5.0×10−6 to 6.0 × 10−5 mol·L−1 | 3.5 × 10−8 mol·L−1 | 6.0 | Enhanced selectivity for Fe(III) | Fluorescence | [142] |
| 39 | Fe(III) | 1-(D-Gluco-pyranosyl-20-deoxy-20-iminomethyl)-2-hydroxynaphthalene | -- | Aqueous HEPES buffer solution | -- | 280 ppb | 7.2 | Selective for Fe(III) in buffer solution | Absorption | [143] |
| 40 | Fe(III) | Rhodamine-benzimidazole conjugate | -- | -- | 6 × 10−6 to 4 × 10−5 M | 1.5 ×10−8 M. | 4.0–14.0 | Selective to Fe(III) over other metal ions | Fluorescence | [144] |
| 41 | Fe(III) | Poly(9-aminofluorene) | -- | HEPES buffer | 5.0 × 10−12 to 7.6 × 10−6 M | 3.7 × 10−12 | 7.0 | Selective towards Fe(III) | Fluorescence | [145] |
| 42 | Cr(III) | Rhodamine-based thiacalix[4]arene derivative | PVC matrix | Ethanol water solution | 4.0×10−6 to 1.0 × 10−5 mol·L−1 | 1.6 ×10−7mol·L−1 | 6.0 | Enhanced selectivity for Cr(III) | Fluorescence | [142] |
| 43 | Ni(II) | Thiazolotriazole derivative | PVC matrix | Aqueous solution | 1.0 × 10−9 to 4.4 × 10−3 M | 8.5 × 10−10 | 6.0 | Presence of other metal ions has minor effects on selectivity | Fluorescence | [146] |
| 44 | Ni(II) | 3,7-Diamine-5-phenothiazoniom thionineacetate | Agarose membrane | Environmental water | 1.0 × 10−1° to 1.0 × 10−7 mol·L−1 | 9.3 × 10−11 mol·L−1 | 5.8 | Good selectivity towards Ni(II) in the presence of other metal ions | Absorption | [147] |
| 45 | Ni(II) | Dibutylphthalate and 2-amino-1-cyclopentenedithio-carboxylic acid | PVC membrane | Water sample | 3.1 × 10−8 to 8.0 × 10−3 M | -- | -- | Selective towards Ni(II) with other metal ions expects Pb(II), Cd(II) and Al(III) | Absorption | [148] |
| 46 | Ni(II) | 1,2-di(o-Salicylaldiminophenylthio)ethane (H2DSALPTE) | PVC membrane | Water sample | 1.0 × 10−5 to 5.0 × 10−3 M | 8.5 × 10−6 μM | 6.0 | Selective to Ni(II) but presence of Hg(II), Cu(II) effects response time | Absorption | [149] |
| 47 | UO2(II) | 6,7,9,10,12,13,15,16,23,24,25,26 dodecahydrodibenzo[n,v][1,4,7,10,13,17,20]pentaoxadiazacyclotricosine-22,27-dione | PVC membrane | Water sample | 4.3 × 10−6 to 2.5 × 10−8M | 8.0 × 10−9 M | 4.0 | Stable and selective towards UO2(II) | [150] | |
| 48 | UO2(II) | 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN), tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) and sodium tetraphenylborate (Na-TPB) | PVC membrane | Water sample | 1.0 × 10−6 to 1.50 × 10−4M | 8.2 × 10−7 M. | 5.5 | Good selective towards UO2(II) | Absorption | [151] |
| 49 | UO2(II) | 1,1′-2,2′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl)dinaphthalen-2-ol (PBED), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and sodium tetraphenylborate (Na-TPB) | PVC membrane | Water sample | 3.9 × 10−6 to 8.0 × 10−5 mol·L−1 | 9.9 × 10−7 mol·L−1 | 3.0 | Selective to UO2(II) over alkali, alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal ions | Absorption | [152] |
| 50 | UO2(II) | C.I. Mordant Blue 29 (Chromazurol S)/cetyl N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium bromide | Triacetyl cellulose membrane | Water sample | 3.0 × 10−7 to 6.0 × 10−5mol·L−1 | 1.1 × 10−7 mol·L−1 | 4.5 | Presence of Cu(II), Fe(III) and Th(IV) in sample effect selectivity towards UO2(II) | Absorption | [153] |
| 51 | Al(III) | meso-tetra(N-Methyl-4-pyridyl)porphinetetratosylate salt (TMPyP | -- | Water sample | 0.1 to 1.5 mM | 40 nM | 5.5 | Excellent selectivity for Al(III) over other metal ions | Fluorescence | [154] |
| 52 | Bi(III) | Methyltrioctyl-ammonium chloride | Triacetylcellulose membrane | water samples | 3.36 × 10−6 to 4.80 × 10−5 mol·L−1 | 1.02 × 10−6 mol·L−1 | -- | Less selective to Bi(III) in the presence of heavy metal ions | Absorption | [155] |