Table 2.

Summary of transient-state methods.

Transient Methods	Features	Advantages	Shortcomings
Transient Power [5,36,43,47,48]	Repeatable transient power profile, spectral envelopes	Appliances with same power draw characteristics can be easily differentiated, Recognition of Type I,II,III loads	Continuous monitoring, high sampling rate requirement, not suitable for Type IV loads
Start-Up Current Transients [13,44,47]	Current spikes, size, duration, shape of switching transients, transient response time	Works well for Type I and II loads, distinct transient behavior in multiple load operation scenario	Poor detection of simultaneous activation deactivation of sequences, unable to characterize Type III and IV loads, sensitive to wiring architecture, appliance specific
High Frequency Sampling of Voltage Noise [11,31]	Noise FFT	Multi-state devices, consumer Electronics with SMPS	Appliance specific, computationally expensive, Data annotation is very hard