Table 1.
Mechanisms of latency establishment
| Mechanisms associated with latency |
Evidence for a role in establishing latency in: |
|
|---|---|---|
| Cell line modelsa | Primary cell modelsa | |
| Transcriptional interference |
Yesb [68,102,104] |
Yes [97] |
| Limiting transcription factors |
Yes [81,84,106]* |
Yes [81] |
| Limiting P-TEFb |
?c |
Yes [69,109] |
| Transcriptional repressors |
? |
? |
| Histone deacetylation |
Yes [113] |
Yes [69] |
| Nod [81] | ||
| Histone methylation |
Yes [111,112,114,115] |
Yes [69] |
| DNA methylation |
No [81] |
? |
| Nucleosome positioning |
Yes [117] |
? |
| Insufficient Tat activity |
Yes [82,83,113,114,121] |
Yes [69] |
| Insufficient mRNA nuclear export |
? |
Yes [3] |
| Insufficient mRNA splicing |
? |
Yes [4] |
| miRNA |
? |
? |
| Homeostatic proliferation | ? | ? |
a Only studies that explicitly examined the establishment of latency are included.
b Yes: This mechanism has been shown to influence the establishment of latency.
c ?: The effects of this mechanism on the establishment of latency have not been studied.
d No: This mechanism has been shown to not influence the establishment of latency.
* In [106] transcription factors may not be limiting, but altered the establishment of latency.