Table 2. Pregnancy and delivery characteristics in women with and without a child with epilepsy.

Characteristic	With epilepsy	Without epilepsy	p value
	0.7% (n = 302)	(n = 43,087)
Mean maternal age±SD (year)	29.6±5.7	29.0±5.5	0.04
Mean number of previous pregnancies	1.6±1.9	1.5±1.6	0.13
Mean number of previous deliveries	1.2±1.5	1.0±1.3	0.14
Primiparous women	35.8	40.9	0.07
Multiparous women	64.2	59.1
Pregravid BMI±SD	23.2±4.3	23.3±4.7	0.65
Mean weight increase±SD (kg)	12.9±5.1	13.5±5.3	0.05
Mode of delivery
Vaginal	67.2	77.2	≤0.001
Vacuum	4.6	6.0
CS, total	28.2	16.8
CS, elective	11.6	7.7
CS, non-elective	16.6	9.1
Mean gestational age at birth±SD (weeks)	38.8±3.1	39.3±2.1	0.19
≤27	2.0	0.5	≤0.001
28−31	2.7	0.7
32−36	5.8	4.7
37−40	67.8	69.8
41−42	21.0	23.9
≥43	0.7	0.3
Epidural analgesia in vaginal deliveries	26.2	36.7	0.002
Placental abruption	2.0	0.6	0.003
Preeclampsia	4.3	3.8	0.63
Elevated liver enzymes	0.0	0.8	0.12
ART	1.1	0.7	0.02
Of which IVF	0.7	0.7	0.91
Maternal bleeding during pregnancy	2.4	1.6	0.35
Amnionitis	1.7	1.1	0.31
Maternal epilepsy	3.3	0.8	≤0.001
Maternal smoking
Before pregnancy	16.3	24.6	0.18
During pregnancy	12.2	11.9	0.94
Maternal anemia
First trimester	0.3	0.2	0.59
Second trimester	0.7	0.8	0.75
Third trimester	1.3	1.0	0.53
Maternal hypertension	2.6	2.0	0.39
Umbilical cord insertion
Central	83.3	80.4	0.24
Marginal	14.0	17.5
Velamentous	2.7	2.1
Mean umbilical cord length±SD (cm)	55.7±12.0	58.7±13.0	≤0.001
Lowest 5%, ≤38	7.9	4.1	0.001
39−43	6.3	5.8
44−74	79.5	78.4
75−81	4.6	6.6
Longest 5%, ≥82	1.7	5.2

BMI = body mass index, CS = Cesarean section, ART = assisted reproductive technology.