Table 1.
Participant characteristics by PEAR group
| Entire Sample (N = 66) |
HPLR (N = 22) |
HPHR/LPLR (N = 21) |
LPHR (N = 23) |
F, χ2 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, M (SD), years | 71.19 (8.71) | 73.24 (6.73) | 69.83 (9.33) | 70.46 (9.76) | .95 | .394 |
| Female, n (%) | 50 (75.8) | 19 (86.36) | 13 (61.90) | 18 (78.26) | 3.62 | .164 |
| Caucasian, n (%) | 56 (84.85) | 20 (90.91) | 19 (90.48) | 17 (73.91) | .289† | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||
| Less than high school | 1 (1.52) | 1 (4.55) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| High school | 8 (12.12) | 2 (9.09) | 4 (19.05) | 2 (8.70) | ||
| Some college | 23 (34.85) | 6 (27.27) | 7 (33.33) | 10 (43.47) | ||
| College graduate | 34 (51.51) | 13 (59.09) | 10 (47.62) | 11 (47.83) | .704† | |
| Antihypertensive drug use, n (%) | 33 (50.00) | 7 (31.82) | 13 (61.90) | 13 (56.52) | 4.49 | .106 |
| Relationship to care recipient, n (%) | ||||||
| Spouse | 58 (87.88) | 21 (95.45) | 19 (90.48) | 18 (78.26) | ||
| Partner | 2 (3.03) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (8.70) | ||
| Child | 6 (9.09) | 1 (4.55) | 2 (9.52) | 3 (13.04) | .422† | |
| Monthly income in dollars, M (SD) | 6549.39 (7551.13) N = 51 |
8478.71 (8528.66) N = 17 |
5807.25 (4340.94) N = 16 |
5386.94 (8771.95) N = 18 |
.84 | .438 |
| Years caregiving, M (SD) | 5.22 (4.41) | 4.18 (4.01) | 5.84 (5.37) | 5.65 (3.79) | .93 | .400 |
| Hours providing care per day, M (SD) | 8.15 (5.17) | 7.09 (6.10) | 9.24 (5.50) | 8.17 (3.69) | .93 | .402 |
| CDR Total Score, M (SD) | 1.71 (0.62) | 1.55 (0.58) | 1.86 (0.79) | 1.74 (0.45) | 1.19 | .320 |
| BMI, M (SD) | 26.68 (5.13) | 24.54 (3.29) | 29.15 (6.26) | 26.46 (4.61) | 4.91 | .010 |
| RAPA score, M (SD) | 3.52 (1.58) | 4.00 (1.51) | 3.00 (1.58) | 3.52 (1.56) | 2.23 | .116 |
| Number of health problems, M (SD) | 3.44 (1.78) | 2.82 (1.62) | 3.62 (1.86) | 3.87 (1.77) | 2.19 | .120 |
| Pleasant Events, M (SD) | 29.89 (5.10) | 34.18 (2.56) | 30.00 (4.20) | 25.70 (4.23) | 29.89 | <.001 |
| Activity Restriction, M (SD) | 18.15 (5.88) | 13.41 (2.58) | 17.52 (5.88) | 23.26 (3.78) | 30.36 | <.001 |
| Cohen’s d Effect Size | ||||||
| HPLR vs. LPHR |
HPLR vs. HPHR/ LPLR |
|||||
| MAP*, M (SD) mmHg | 92.10 (9.20) | 86.78 (9.98) | 94.84 (7.55) | 94.70 (7.78) | 0.89* | 0.91* |
| Systolic BP*, M (SD) mmHg | 128.27 (12.96) | 121.73 (14.79) | 131.65 (11.31) | 131.43 (10.34) | 0.76* | 0.75* |
| Diastolic BP*, M (SD) mmHg | 74.02 (8.53) | 69.30 (7.8) | 76.43 (7.29) | 76.33 (8.58) | 0.86* | 0.94* |
Note. HPLR = High Pleasant Events + Low Activity Restriction; HPHR/LPLR = Either High Pleasant Events + High Activity Restriction or Low Pleasant Events + Low Activity Restriction; LPHR = Low Pleasant Events + High Activity Restriction; CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating scale; BMI = Body Mass Index; RAPA = Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity. Cells with different superscripts denote significant differences.
†
= Fisher’s exact test used due to small cell size (n< 5).
*
= significance at p < .05. Positive Cohen’s d effect size values indicate that the HPLR group has better BP outcomes (i.e., lower BP) compared to LPHR and HPHR/LPLR groups.