Table 1.
Infection | Paranasal sinusitis Intracranial infection: abscess, meningitis |
Trauma | Head trauma Neurosurgical interventions Internal jugular catheter |
Medical/surgical conditions | Dehydration Pregnancy and puerperium Coagulation disorders: Factor V Leiden (Activated protein C resistance), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Antiphospholipid syndrome Hematologic disorders: Polycythemia, Sickle cell disease, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Polycythemia, Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Malignancies, Inflammatory bowel disease, Nephrotic syndrome, Dehydration, Liver cirrhosis, Collagen vascular diseases including Systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis and Behcet syndrome Previous surgical procedures |
Medication | Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, L-asparagenase, epsilon aminocaproic acid, Corticosteroid |