Table 2.

Autoimmune conditions and adverse risks for mothers and neonates

Maternal autoimmune conditions	Risks of maternal and obstetric complications	Causative maternal autoimmune factors	Risks for fetus and neonate
SLE	Exacerbation, anaemia, pre-eclampsia, thrombosis, haemorrhage, hypertension, kidney failure	Autoantibodies, placental transfer of maternal autoantibodies	Fetal loss, still birth, preterm birth, low birth weight, developmental and neurological abnormalities, CHB
APS	Exacerbation, anaemia, pre-eclampsia, thrombosis, haemorrhage, hypertension, kidney failure	aPL autoantibodies	Fetal loss, preterm birth, low birth weight
T1DM	Pre-eclampsia, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, exacerbation of metabolic aberrations	Anti-insulin, islet, GAD	Fetal loss, stillbirth, preterm birth, congenital malformation, increased birth weight
Haemophilia A	Antenatal or postpartum haemorrhages	Anti-Factor VIII or IX	Acquired haemophilia A
Primary Sjögren's syndrome	Stable disease	Placental transfer of maternal anti-Ro/SSA and La/SSB autoantibodies	CHB, NLS, low birth weight
Graves’ disease	Exacerbation	Placental transfer of maternal anti-TSHR autoantibodies	Neonatal Graves’ disease, NMG
Systemic sclerosis	Exacerbation	Unknown	Fetal loss, preterm birth, low birth weight
ITP	Haemorrhage	Anti-platelet, placental transfer of maternal IgG autoantibodies	FNAIT, intracranial haemorrhage, fetal loss, low birth weight
Myasthenia Gravis	Exacerbation, difficult labour	Placental transfer of maternal anti-AChR autoantibodies	NMG, AMC, fetal loss, stillbirth

AChR: acetylcholine receptor; AMC: arthrogryposis multiplex congenita; APS: anti-phospholipid syndrome; CHB: congenital heart block; ITP: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; FNAIT: fetal/neonatal autoimmune thrombocytopenia; NLS: neonatal lupus syndrome; NMG: neonatal myasthenia gravis; TSHR: thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor; SLE: systemic lupus erythematous; T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus.