Table 1.
Describing how images were obtained and what structures were visualised
| View | Intercostal space image obtainedfrom | Probe orientation | Structures visualised | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right parasternal cranial long axis view |
RICS4 |
0° rotation |
PA, PV, RVOT, and TV |
Adequate quality in 5.4% due to small scanning window |
| Right parasternal caudal long-axis view of the LVOT |
RICS4 |
Transducer rotated between 0 and 30° |
Ao, AoV, LVOT and RV |
TV only visible in 78.4% of the sheep and 70% of the goats |
| Right parasternal long axis view of the LV |
RICS4 - 88.2% sheep and 70% goats RICS5 – 11.8% sheep and 30% goats |
Caudal with 0° rotation |
LV, MV, RV and TV |
Could not visualise entire LA and RA |
| Right parasternal caudal short axis view of the LV |
RICS4 2 cm above point of olecranon |
90° rotation |
LV, papillary muscles in LV, RV and TV |
Symmetrical views in 91.2% of animals |
| Right parasternal caudal short axis view of the MV |
RICS4 2 cm above point of olecranon |
Caudo-dorsally with 90° rotation |
MV and RV |
Symmetrical views were obtained in 94.5% of animals Image occasionally obscured by pleural surface |
| Right parasternal caudal short axis view of AoV |
RICS4 2 cm above point of olecranon |
Dorsally oriented with 90° rotation |
Ao, MV, RV and TV |
Pleural surface visible in 71.4% of images |
| Left parasternal caudal long axis view (Figure 1) |
LICS5 in 76.9% and LICS4 in 13.1% 2-3 cm above the olecranon |
Caudally oriented with 0° rotation |
CdVC, LA, LV, and MV |
Spherical CdVC used as landmark in the far field |
| Left parasternal cranial long axis view |
LICS4 |
Cranio-dorsally oriented with 0 to -20° rotation |
Ao, AoV CdVC, and LVOT |
|
| Left parasternal cranial long-axis view of the RVOT | LICS4 in 56% and LICS3 in 44% | Cranio-dorsally, with 0° rotation | Ao, PA, PV RA, RVOT and TV |
Table 1 Descriptions of how standard views described for horses [17,18] were adapted to obtain equivalent images in sheep and goats, which intercostal space they were obtained from, what structures were visible and any other important notes. Abbreviations: Ao: aorta; AoV: aortic valve; CdVC: caudal vena cava; LA: left atrium; LICS: left intercostal space; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; LV: left ventricle; MV: mitral valve; PA: pulmonary artery; PV: pulmonary valve; RA: right atrium; RICS: right intercostal space; RV: right ventricle; RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract; TV: tricuspid valve.