The umbo displacements normalized by the ear canal pressure versus frequency from 0.2 to 18 kHz measured from 4 TBs (TB10_5, TB10_4, TB09_II, and TB09_I), compared with published umbo displacements in live and cadaveric human ears measured by LDV (Goode et al., 1994; Hato et al., 2003; Gan et al., 2004; Whittemore et al., 2004). Both magnitude (top panel) and phase angle (bottom panel) are plotted.