(a) Illustration of generic hand held digital glucose meter. (b) A microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) Reprinted with permission from A. W. Martinez, S. T. Phillips, G. M. Whitesides, and E. Carrilho, Anal. Chem. 82(1), 3–10 (2010). Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society. (c) A microfluidic chip (inset) in a laboratory. The scale bars are 10 cm and 1 cm (inset).