Table 2.
Associations of number of fast-food restaurants at time t with weight changes from t to t +1
| Body mass index
|
Waist-to-height ratio
|
Waist-to-hip ratio
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | |
| Rural sample | ||||||
| Individual level | ||||||
| Intercept | 2.86 (0.17)*** | 20.92 (25.56)*** | 17.39 (0.51)*** | 17.04 (0.51)*** | 51.45 (0.93)*** | 48.87 (1.04)*** |
| Baseline anthropometric | −0.12 (0.01) *** | −0.13 (0.01)*** | −0.34 (0.01)*** | −0.35 (0.01)*** | −0.62 (0.01)*** | −0.57 (0.01)*** |
| Year (ref =2000) | ||||||
| 2004 | −0.12 (0.05)* | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.57 (0.13)*** | −0.55 (0.13)*** | −0.48 (0.16)** | −0.33 (0.16)* |
| 2006 | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.06)* | 0.37 (0.14)** | 0.27 (0.13)* | 0.09 (0.17) | 0.20 (0.17) |
| Age | −0.14 (0.04) *** | −0.29 (0.04)*** | 0.91 (0.11)*** | 0.17 (0.09) | 1.44 (0.12)*** | 0.37 (0.11)** |
| Education (ref = no/primary) | ||||||
| Junior high | −0.08 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.05) | −0.27 (0.14) | 0.22 (0.13) | −0.50 (0.17)** | 0.12 (0.16) |
| Senior high | −0.15 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.67 (0.21)** | 0.08 (0.16) | −1.14 (0.25)*** | −0.04 (0.20) |
| Household income | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.07) |
| Married (ref = no) | 0.14 (0.07)* | −0.01 (0.07) | 0.17 (0.17) | 0.19 (0.16) | 0.63 (0.20)** | 0.47 (0.20)* |
| Drinking (ref = no) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.08 (0.05) | −0.17 (0.20) | 0.31 (0.11)** | −0.02 (0.23) | 0.76 (0.14)*** |
| Smoking (ref = no) | −0.12 (0.10) | −0.11 (0.04)** | −0.48 (0.26) | −0.28 (0.11)* | 0.00 (0.31) | −0.19 (0.13) |
| Heavy PA (ref = no) | 0.11 (0.05)* | −0.01 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.13) | −0.12 (0.13) | −0.06 (0.15) | −0.17 (0.16) |
| Neighbourhood level | ||||||
| Number of fast-food restaurants at t | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.34 (0.11)** | 0.18 (0.10) | 0.29 (0.14)* | 0.06 (0.14) |
| Number of population at t | 0.06 (0.02)** | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.07) |
| Urbanicity index | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.07) | −0.36 (0.11)** | −0.07 (0.09) | −0.29 (0.13)* | 0.08 (0.12) |
| Region (ref = south) | ||||||
| Northeast | 0.20 (0.08)* | 11.55 (16.17)** | 0.43 (0.27) | 0.79 (0.21)*** | 0.42 (0.32) | 0.93 (0.27)** |
| Coastal | 0.24 (0.08)** | 11.54 (16.15)* | 0.81 (0.27)** | 0.92 (0.22)*** | 0.46 (0.32) | 0.91 (0.28)** |
| Inland | 0.20 (0.07)** | 6.30 (9.56) | 0.61 (0.24)* | 0.83 (0.20)*** | 0.64 (0.29)* | 1.22 (0.25)*** |
| N | 9466 | 8729 | 9521 | 8799 | 9578 | 8903 |
| Urban sample | ||||||
| Individual level | ||||||
| Intercept | 3.42 (0.96)* | 3.62 (0.31)*** | 18.19 (0.93)*** | 17.46 (0.88)*** | 50.77 (1.56)*** | 53.74 (1.66)*** |
| Baseline anthropometric | −0.14 (0.01)*** | −0.15 (0.01)*** | −0.36 (0.02)*** | −0.35 (0.02)*** | −0.62 (0.02)*** | −0.63 (0.02)*** |
| Year (ref =2000) | ||||||
| 2004 | −0.21 (0.09)* | −0.44 (0.09)*** | 0.30 (0.22) | −0.34 (0.22) | 0.20 (0.27) | −0.06 (0.26) |
| 2006 | −0.14 (0.09) | −0.21 (0.09)* | 0.58 (0.24)* | 0.05 (0.23) | −0.01 (0.29) | −0.12 (0.28) |
| Age | −0.05 (0.06) | −0.32 (0.06)*** | 1.25 (0.17)*** | 0.24 (0.14) | 1.78 (0.20)*** | 0.53 (0.17)** |
| Education (ref = no/primary) | ||||||
| Junior high | 0.16 (0.10) | −0.01 (0.11) | 0.06 (0.26) | −0.33 (0.26) | −0.15 (0.32) | −0.15 (0.32) |
| Senior high | −0.18 (0.11) | −0.09 (0.11) | −0.66 (0.27)* | −0.43 (0.26) | −0.73 (0.32)* | 0.08 (0.32) |
| Household income | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.08) | −0.03 (0.08) | −0.06 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.08) |
| Married (ref = no) | −0.04 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.20 (0.23) | 0.22 (0.26) | 0.35 (0.28) | 0.66 (0.31)* |
| Drinking (ref = no) | 0.06 (0.11) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.35 (0.28) | 0.27 (0.17) | 0.81 (0.34)* | 0.64 (0.21)** |
| Smoking (ref = no) | −0.41 (0.20)* | −0.10 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.51) | −0.15 (0.17) | 0.04 (0.63) | −0.31 (0.21) |
| Heavy PA (ref = no) | −0.03 (0.19) | 0.03 (0.16) | −0.12 (0.48) | 0.22 (0.38) | 0.48 (0.57) | 0.68 (0.45) |
| Neighbourhood level | ||||||
| Number of fast-food restaurants at t | −0.11 (0.04)** | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.11) | 0.03 (0.10) | −0.10 (0.13) | 0.10 (0.12) |
| Number of population at t | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.11 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.07) | −0.08 (0.09) | 0.01 (0.08) |
| Urbanicity index | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.18 (0.10) | −0.24 (0.28) | 0.15 (0.26) | 0.24 (0.34) | 0.00 (0.32) |
| Region (ref = south) | ||||||
| Northeast | 0.63 (2.41) | 0.22 (0.15) | −0.09 (0.51) | 0.55 (0.42) | 0.19 (0.64) | 0.95 (0.57) |
| Coastal | 0.68 (2.59)* | 0.21 (0.15) | 0.23 (0.50) | 0.78 (0.42) | −0.81 (0.63) | 0.03 (0.57) |
| Inland | 0.59 (2.86) | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.42 (0.46) | 0.88 (0.38)* | 1.07 (0.57) | 1.16 (0.52)* |
| N | 4427 | 3879 | 4452 | 3908 | 4413 | 3853 |
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001.
Numbers in parentheses are SEs.
PA, physical activity.