Table 4.
Associations of changes in number of fast-food restaurants from t −1 to t with future weight changes from t to t +1
| Body mass index
|
Waist-to-height ratio
|
Waist-to-hip ratio
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | |
| Rural sample | ||||||
| Individual level | ||||||
| Intercept | 2.76 (0.19)*** | 2.92 (0.20)*** | 16.27 (0.62)*** | 16.06 (0.61)*** | 48.20 (1.12)*** | 47.36 (1.27)*** |
| Baseline anthropometric | −0.12 (0.01)*** | −0.11 (0.01)*** | −0.33 (0.01)*** | −0.34 (0.01)*** | −0.58 (0.01)*** | −0.56 (0.01)*** |
| Year 2006 (ref = 2004) | 0.18 (0.05)*** | 0.21 (0.05)*** | 0.89 (0.13)*** | 0.76 (0.13)*** | 0.48 (0.16)** | 0.44 (0.16)** |
| Age | −0.13 (0.05)** | −0.29 (0.04)*** | 1.06 (0.13)*** | 0.15 (0.11) | 1.58 (0.15)*** | 0.36 (0.14)** |
| Education (ref = no/primary) | ||||||
| Junior high | −0.11 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.06) | −0.16 (0.17) | 0.27 (0.15) | −0.34 (0.20) | 0.01 (0.19) |
| Senior high | −0.17 (0.09) | −0.03 (0.07) | −0.46 (0.24) | 0.03 (0.19) | −0.85 (0.29)** | −0.24 (0.24) |
| Household income | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.13 (0.08) |
| Currently married (ref = no) | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.00 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.20) | 0.19 (0.21) | 0.54 (0.25)* | 0.51 (0.24)* |
| Drinking (ref = no) | −0.01 (0.09) | −0.01 (0.05) | −0.29 (0.24) | 0.20 (0.13) | −0.14 (0.29) | 0.67 (0.17)*** |
| Smoking (ref = no) | −0.14 (0.12) | −0.16 (0.05)** | −0.58 (0.32) | −0.34 (0.13)* | −0.46 (0.39) | −0.25 (0.16) |
| Heavy PA (ref = no) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.06) | −0.03 (0.15) | −0.05 (0.15) | −0.01 (0.18) | −0.07 (0.19) |
| Neighbourhood level | ||||||
| Number of fast-food restaurants at t– 1 | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.07) | −0.01 (0.21) | −0.15 (0.18) | −0.27 (0.25) | −0.43 (0.25) |
| Change in number of fast-food restaurants from t– 1 to t | −0.02 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.39 (0.13)** | 0.32 (0.12)** | 0.46 (0.16)** | 0.38 (0.16)* |
| Number of population at t– 1 | 0.07 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.11) | −0.04 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.13) | 0.10 (0.12) |
| Change in number of population from t– 1 to t | 0.04 (0.02)* | 0.04 (0.02)* | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.08) | −0.13 (0.07) |
| Urbanicity index | −0.04 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | −0.35 (0.13)** | −0.05 (0.11) | −0.23 (0.16) | 0.09 (0.15) |
| Region (ref = south) | ||||||
| Northeast | 0.07 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.29) | 0.60 (0.23)* | 0.37 (0.36) | 0.73 (0.31)* |
| Coastal | 0.13 (0.10) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.63 (0.30)* | 1.02 (0.24)*** | 0.42 (0.36) | 0.93 (0.32)** |
| Inland | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.51 (0.27) | 0.74 (0.22)*** | 0.59 (0.33) | 1.12 (0.29)*** |
| N | 6282 | 5752 | 6326 | 5811 | 6402 | 5946 |
| Urban | ||||||
| Individual level | ||||||
| Intercept | 3.03 (0.32)*** | 2.84 (0.39)*** | 16.48 (1.09)*** | 15.37 (1.06)*** | 49.26 (1.85)*** | 49.41 (2.19)*** |
| Baseline anthropometric | −0.13 (0.01)*** | −0.13 (0.01)*** | −0.33 (0.02)*** | −0.32 (0.02)*** | −0.60 (0.02)*** | −0.58 (0.02)*** |
| Year 2006 (ref = 2004) | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.23 (0.08)** | 0.26 (0.21) | 0.38 (0.21) | −0.09 (0.26) | 0.04 (0.25) |
| Age | −0.06 (0.07) | −0.30 (0.07)*** | 1.12 (0.20)*** | 0.25 (0.17) | 1.58 (0.24)*** | 0.55 (0.21)** |
| Education (ref = no/primary) | ||||||
| Junior high | 0.10 (0.12) | 0.00 (0.13) | 0.21 (0.32) | −0.64 (0.32)* | −0.19 (0.38) | −0.47 (0.40) |
| Senior high | −0.02 (0.12) | 0.00 (0.13) | −0.46 (0.32) | −0.60 (0.32) | −0.85 (0.39)* | −0.12 (0.40) |
| Household income | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.08) | −0.04 (0.10) | 0.09 (0.09) |
| Currently married (ref = no) | −0.07 (0.11) | 0.09 (0.13) | 0.22 (0.27) | 0.51 (0.33) | 0.34 (0.34) | 0.63 (0.40) |
| Drinking (ref = no) | −0.17 (0.13) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.17 (0.34) | 0.45 (0.21)* | 1.10 (0.43)* | 0.70 (0.26)** |
| Smoking (ref = no) | −0.23 (0.24) | −0.07 (0.08) | 0.38 (0.61) | −0.11 (0.21) | −0.28 (0.77) | 0.04 (0.25) |
| Heavy PA (ref = no) | 0.09 (0.23) | 0.03 (0.18) | −0.10 (0.60) | 0.48 (0.45) | −0.06 (0.72) | 0.62 (0.54) |
| Neighbourhood level | ||||||
| Number of fast-food restaurants at t– 1 | 0.01 (0.06) | −0.04 (0.08) | 0.57 (0.23)* | 0.31 (0.21) | 0.76 (0.26)** | 0.35 (0.23) |
| Change in number of fast-food restaurants from t– 1 to t | −0.03 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | −0.22 (0.12) | −0.09 (0.12) | −0.53 (0.14)*** | −0.19 (0.14) |
| Number of population at t– 1 | −0.06 (0.03)* | −0.05 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.11) | 0.04 (0.09) | 0.10 (0.14) | −0.08 (0.12) |
| Change in number of population from t – 1 to t | 0.07 (0.03)* | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.12 (0.08) | −0.09 (0.08) | −0.21 (0.10)* | 0.11 (0.10) |
| Urbanicity index | −0.06 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.11) | −0.27 (0.33) | 0.09 (0.30) | −0.01 (0.41) | −0.24 (0.37) |
| Region (ref = South) | ||||||
| Northeast | 0.18 (0.14) | 0.19 (0.17) | −0.19 (0.59) | 0.24 (0.48) | 0.34 (0.71) | 1.10 (0.62) |
| Coastal | 0.18 (0.13) | 0.15 (0.17) | 0.16 (0.56) | 0.59 (0.47) | −0.80 (0.69) | −0.06 (0.60) |
| Inland | 0.12 (0.12) | 0.22 (0.15) | 0.54 (0.52) | 0.79 (0.43) | 1.24 (0.64)* | 1.20 (0.56)* |
| N | 2839 | 2475 | 2864 | 2502 | 2861 | 2491 |
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001.
Numbers in parentheses are SEs.
PA, physical activity.