Table 1.

Results of overall MANOVA testing effects of population (Lower versus Upper Aripo), cue (alarm cue versus water) and predator odour (tilapia versus water) on the observed change in anti-predator behaviour (shoaling index and area use). n = 14 per treatment combination. Significant differences are in bold type.

	F	d.f.	p
population	2.23	2, 103	=0.12
cue	42.97	2, 103	<0.001
predator odour	3.81	2, 103	=0.025
population × cue	1.68	2, 103	=0.19
population × predator odour	4.26	2, 103	=0.017
cue × predator odour	0.27	2, 103	=0.76
population × cue × predator odour	0.16	2, 103	=0.85