Figure 3.

Maximum patristic distance of host-plant taxa used by (a) polyphagous gall midge species and (b) gall midge genera with and without fungal symbionts. Gall midge taxa with fungal associations use a greater breadth of host plant taxa relative to species lacking fungal symbionts as defined by genetic distance between hosts. (c) Comparison of the species richness of plant-feeding gall midge genera with symbiotic fungal associations to relatives within their taxonomic tribes that do not have fungal associations. Means with s.e. bars are indicated on each plot. (Online version in colour.)