Table 2.

Human toll-like receptors and a selection of known alarmins

	Proteins, peptides	Fatty acids, lipoproteins	Proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans
TLR1	β-defensin-3
TLR2	Antiphospholipid antibodies β-defensin-3	Serum amyloid A	Biglycan
	Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin		Hyaluronic acid fragments
	Heat-shock protein 60, 70, Gp96		Versiglycan
	High-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1)
	HMGB1-nucleosome complexes
	Surfactant protein A, D
TLR4	Antiphospholipid antibodies	Oxidised low-density protein	Biglycan
	β-defensin-2	Saturated fatty acids	Heparan sulphate fragment
	Fibrinogen	Serum amyloid A	Hyaluronic acid fragment
	Fibronectin (extra domain-A)
	High-mobility group protein B1
	Heat-shock protein 60, 70, 72, 22, Gp96
	Lactoferrin MRP8, MRP14
	Neutrophil elastase
	Surfactant protein A, D
	Tenascin-C (fibrinogen-like globe)

Modified after Paccinini et al[5]. TLR: Toll-like receptor.