Table 1.
Simple logistic regression comparing characteristics of women who experienced IPV during pregnancy with those who did not among women seeking antenatal care at Kisumu District Hospital in Kenya
| Variable | Abused n (%) | Notabused n (%) | cOR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Woman’s age (years) | ||||
| 25 and above | 50 (45.5) | 65 (34.2) | 1.60 (0.99–2.6) | 0.07 |
| Less than 25 | 60 (54.5) | 125 (65.8) | Ref | Ref |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 5 (4.5) | 43 (22.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Currently/ever married | 105 (95.5) | 147 (77.4) | 6.14 (2.4–16.0) | <0.005 |
| Family structure (n = 252) | ||||
| Polygamous | 25 (24.3) | 17 (11.6) | 2.99 (1.5–5.8) | <0.005 |
| Monogamous | 78 (75.7) | 130 (88.4) | Ref | Ref |
| Woman’s education level | ||||
| Tertiary and above | 11 (10) | (16.3) | 0.57 (0.3–1.2) | 0.18 |
| Secondary and below | 99 (90) | 159 (83.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Occupation | ||||
| Unemployed | 50 (50.9) | 65 (34.2) | 1.60 (0.99–2.6) | 0.07 |
| Employed | 60 (54.5) | 125 (65.8) | Ref | Ref |
| Witnessed maternal abuse in childhood (n = 245)a | ||||
| Yes | 27 (30.3) | 22 (14.1) | 2.65 (1.4-–5.02) | <0.005 |
| No | 62 (69.7) | 134 (85.9) | Ref | Ref |
| Choice of partner | ||||
| Both choose each other | 82 (74.5) | 161 (84.7) | 0.53 (0.3–0.95) | 0.04 |
| Third party’s choice | 28 (25.5) | 29 (15.3) | Ref | Ref |
| Woman’s alcohol intake | ||||
| Yes | 5 (4.5) | 6 (3.2) | 1.46 (0.4–5.6) | 0.75 |
| No | 105 (95.5) | 184 (96.8) | Ref | Ref |
| Bride price paid (n = 252)b | ||||
| Yes | (52.9) | 83 (56.1) | 0.69 (0.4–1.2) | 0.18 |
| No | 55 (47.1) | 65 (43.9) | Ref | Ref |
| Planned pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 57 (51.8) | 105 (55.3) | 0.87 (0.5–1.4) | 0.65 |
| No | 53 (48.2) | 85 (44.7) | Ref | Ref |
| Woman HIV status (n = 285)c | ||||
| Positive | 24 (23.1) | 27 (14.9) | 1.71 (0.9–3.3) | 0.08 |
| Negative | 80 (76.9) | 154 (85.1) | Ref | Ref |
| History of abortion | ||||
| Yes | 9 (8.2) | 10 (5.3) | 1.60 (0.6–4.1) | 0.45 |
| No | 101 (91.8) | 180 (94.7) | Ref | Ref |
| Parity | ||||
| Multipara (having given birth 2 or more times) | 56 (50.9) | 54 (28.4) | 2.61(1.6–4.3) | 0.005 |
| Primi/nullipara (having given birth B≤1) | 54 (49.1) | (71.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Partner’s age | ||||
| 25 and above | 93 (87.7) | 131 (71.6) | 0.84 (1.4–5.8) | <0.005 |
| Less than 25 years | 13(12.3) | 52 (28.4) | Ref | Ref |
| Partner’s education | ||||
| Tertiary and above | 19 (17.3) | 55 (29.1) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.03 |
| Secondary and below | 91 (82.7) | 135 (70.9) | Ref | Ref |
| Alcohol intake by partner | ||||
| Yes | 56 (50.9) | 64 (33.7) | 2.04 (1.3-–3.3) | <0.005 |
| No | 54 (49.1) | 126 (66.3) | Ref | Ref |
cOR crude odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ref reference
c
some women were not willing to disclose their HIV status
a
some women were not brought up by their parents, others didn’t know if their mothers experienced IPV
b
the single never married women did not respond to this question