Table 1.

Protein oral delivery technologies under development by companies [5].

Company	Product	Systems	Characteristics and advantages	Products currently available or under development
Emisphere	Eligen®	Carrier molecules	Facilitates the absorption of small molecules without altering chemical form, biological integrity or pharmacological properties Passive transcellular transport enables drug molecules of all sizes to cross the cell membrane	Calcitonin, GPL-1, PYY, insulin, growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, heparin
Altus	CLEC®	Protein crystallization	Catalysts containing the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) Protein stabilization against proteolysis and self-digestion	Calcitonin, other polypeptides, lipases, esterases, and proteases
Generex	Oral-Lyn™	Spray device and aerosol particles	Penetrate the buccal epithelium Treatment of Type 1 & 2 diabetes	Insulin, Macrotonin
NOBEX/Biocon	HIM2	Amphiphilic oligomers	Resist enzyme digestion and increase membrane permeation	Insulin, enkephalin, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone
Apollo Life Sciences	Oradel™	Nanoparticles	Protection of the drug payload from digestive enzymes and transport of protein-based drugs and antibodies across the intestinal wall transporting both small and large molecules (up to 150 kDa in size) for protein-based drugs and antibodies	Insulin and oral delivery of anti-inflammatory proteins(TNF blocker)
Autoimmune Incorporated/Eli-Lilly	AI-401	Oral formulation	Protect proteins from enzyme digestion. Oral tolerance therapy Treatment of Type 1 diabetes but also for prevention of progression	Insulin
Provalis PLC	Macrulin™	Lipid-based water-in-oil microemulsion	Protect proteins from proteolysis or acidic degradation, and enhance the protein absorption in GIT treatment of Type 2 diabetes	Insulin, salmon calcitonin
Endorex	Orasome™	Polymerized liposomes	Protect proteins from the stomach and upper GIT	Insulin and growth hormone, vaccines