Table 7.
Studies of selected nutrients in adulthood and breast density.
| Author, year | Study population, (n) | Design | Age | Foods/nutrients of interest | Dietary assessment | Outcome | Major significant results | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bérubé et al. 2008 [34] | Premenopausal women: n = 777 Postmenopausal women: n = 783 (Canada) |
CS | Premenopausal: 47 y Postmenopausal: 60 y | MVMM supplements | 161-item FFQ | PBD: (Mammogram: computer-assisted method) | Premenopausal women: current users (45%, SE: 1.64%), past (42.9%, SE: 1.28%), never users (40.2% SE: 1.05%) |
Age, education, BMI, age at menarche, number of full-term pregnancies, age at first full-term pregnancy, duration of OC and HRT, smoking status, PA, family hx of BC in first degree relative, personal hx of breast biopsy, chronic illness, mean energy, alcohol, vitamin and mineral supplements, following special diet, dietary vitamin D and calcium intake, season of mammography |
|
| ||||||||
| Brisson et al. 1989 [30] (also in Table 5) |
CNBSS—newly diagnosed BC patients Cases: n = 290 Controls: n = 645 Total n = 935 (Canada) |
CC | 40–62 y |
Several dietary factors, especially vitamin A | 114-item FFQ + additional questions on vitamin A | Wolfe classification (high risk: P2 + DY; low risk: N1 + P1) (Mammogram: visual estimation) | Controls (Total Densities): CarotenoidsQ4 versus Q1: 38.2% versus 43.6%, β = −392 (SE = 171); FiberQ4 versus Q1: 37.9% versus 43.0%, β = −1.02 (SE = 0.41) |
Age, bodyweight, parity, education, energy |
|
| ||||||||
| Masala et al. 2006 [24] (also in Tables 3, 4, and 5) |
Mediterranean Population—Florence section of EPIC n = 1,668 (Italy) |
CS | Pre-, post-, and peri-menopausal women |
Several dietary factors | 160-item validated FFQ | Wolfe classification (P2 + DY versus N1 + P1) and semi-quantitative method | All Women: P2 + DY versus N1 + P1: Vegetables: ORT3 versus T1 = 0.66 (95% CI:0.50–0.88); Cheese: ORT3 versus T1: 0.73 (95% CI: 0.55–0.99); β-carotene ORT3 versus T1 = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.53–0.94), Vitamin C ORT3 versus T1 = 0.75 (95% CI: 0.56–0.99); Potassium ORT3 versus T1 = 0.69 (95% CI: 0.48–1.00, P-trend = 0.05), Tomato sauce: ORT3 versus T1 = 1.34 (95% CI: 1.01−1.77) Premenopausal women at enrollment (n = 491): High consumption of cheese: ORQ4 versus Q1 0.44 (95% CI: 0.23–0.84) |
Age, education, BMI, menopausal status, total energy(log), each food separately (tertiles) |
|
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| Nagata et al. 2005 [31] (also in Table 5) |
Japanese women n = 601 (Japan, Asian) |
CS | Premenopausal women: 42.6 y Postmenopausal women: 57.8 y |
Protein, dietary fiber, and soy isoflavones | 169-item validated FFQ | PBD (mammogram: fully automated method) | Postmenopausal women: protein: Q4 versus Q1 = 13.9% (95% CI: 10.4–18.0%) versus 6.7% (95% CI: 3.6–10.7%; CHO: Q4 versus Q1 = 9.6% (95% CI: 6.5–13.2) versus 15.6% (95% CI: 11.1–20.9%) |
Age, BMI, smoking status, number of births, and hx of breast feeding for premenopausal women and for age, BMI, number of births, education, age at menopause; nutrient intakes were adjusted for total energy. |
|
| ||||||||
| Nordevang et al. 1993 [25] (also in Tables 3 and 5) |
BC patients (stage I-II) n = 238 (Sweden) |
CS | 57.5 y | Various nutrients | Dietary history interview within 4 months of BC diagnosis | Wolfe classification (N1 + P1 versus P2 + Dy) |
Premenopausal women: P2 + Dy versus N1 + P1: CHO: (40.41 versus 47.37% E); Fiber (19.05 versus 26.09 mg/10 MJ), Carotene (3.80 versus 5.62 mg/MJ) |
BMI, age, ER status |
|
| ||||||||
| Sala et al. 2000 [29] (also in Tables 4, 5 and 9) |
EPIC-Norfolk cases: P2/DY controls: N1/P1 (n = 203 cases and n= 203 controls) (UK) |
NCC | Cases and controls: 59 y | Vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, vegetables, cereals and breads, fruits, red meat, white meat, total meat, milk, dairy products, fish. | 7-day food record | Wolfe patterns: (high risk: P2 and DY; low risk: N1 and P1) |
All women: protein: OROR T3 versus T1 = 2.00 (95%CI:1.06–3.77)**; total CHO: OROR T3 versus T1 = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.03–3.59)** Postmenopausal women: Protein: (OROR T3 versus T1-= 2.20, 1.04–4.63, P = 0.03)**, Total CHO: (OROR T3 versus T1 = 2.22, 1.02–4.79)**, Total meat intake: (OROR T3 versus T1 = 2.50, 1.09 = 5.69)** |
*Unadjusted **Menopausal status, parity, HRT, BMI |
|
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| Tseng et al. 2007 [27] (also in Table 3, 4, and 5) |
At 1st degree or 2nd degree relative with BC or ovarian cancer n = 157 (US, NH-White) |
CS | 50 y | Calories, cholesterol, protein, animal protein, carbs, dietary fiber, carotene, folate, vitamin E, meats, fruits, vegetables, tofu. | 126 item FFQ | PBD: BIRADS | Women who do not have hereditary cancer patterns: protein (OR: 3.0 (95% CI: 1.3–6.9)) and animal protein (OR: 4.3 (95% CI: 1.8–10.3) | Age, BMI, energy, age at menarche, menopausal status, hx of HRT, family hx category. |
|
| ||||||||
| Tseng et al. 2011 [16] (also in Table 2) |
Chinese-American immigrant women n = 201 (US, Asian) |
CS | 53.1 y | Red meat |
88-item FFQ |
PBD: BIRADS | Null | Age, level of acculturation, BMI, combined variable representing # of live births and age at first live birth, adult weekly frequency of dairy food intake |
|
| ||||||||
| Qureshi et al. 2011 [32] (also in Table 5) | NBCSP n = 2,252 Postmenopausal women (Norway) |
CS | 58 y | Various nutrients and vitamins | 180-item FFQ | PBD and AD (mammogram: computer-assisted method) | PBD: Saturated fatQ4 versus Q1: 19.7 (95% CI: 18.7–20.7%) versus 17.0 (95% CI: 15.6–18.3, P-trend = 0.06) | Age at mammography, y of education, age at menarche, number of pregnancies, age at first full-term pregnancy for parous women, HRT, BMI, total energy |
|
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| Vachon et al. 2000 [9] (also in Tables 3, 4, and 5) |
MBCFCS n = 1508 (US, NH-White) |
CS | 61.4 y |
Vitamin A, retinol, carotene, crude and dietary fiber, total carbohydrates, cholesterol, B12, folate, vitamins C, E, total protein, total energy | 153-item FFQ | PBD (mammogram: visual estimation) | Premenopausal women: vit E: Q4 versus Q1: 42% (95% CI: 36–47%) versus 38% (95% CI: 33–46%, P trend = 0.05); total dairy intake: T3 versus T1 = 38% (95% CI = 32–44%) versus 44% (95% CI: 37–51%) Postmenopausal women: Vit B12 (sup only): Q4 versus Q1: 34% (95% CI: 31–36%) versus 32% (95% CI: 30–34%, P trend = 0.05) |
Energy intake, age, BMI, WHR, PA, age at menarche, age at first birth and number of births (combined), alcohol smoking, family hx of BC, HRT (all and postmenopausal women) and OC use (premenopausal women) |