Table 3.

Benefits of advanced sensing in smart cities.

	Without Advanced Sensing	With Advanced Sensing
Structural Health Monitoring	-High costs due to the number of personnel required for scheduled inspections -Visual Inspection is not always effective	-Autonomous monitoring system reduces costs of scheduled inspections and provides continuous monitoring -Enables a more accurate analysis of the structure's state than visual inspection
Water Distribution	-High costs in disasters caused by missed or late leak detections	-Enables mitigation of costs caused by possible accidents due to late leak detections -Monitoring the quality of water ensures that the water is safe for human consumption
	Without Advanced Sensing	With Advanced Sensing
Electricity Distribution	-Inaccurate metering and demand prediction	-Advanced energy sensing enables more accurate metering and demand prediction
Smart Buildings	-High electricity and water consumption	-Reduction in water and electricity consumption due to HVAC and light control
Intelligent Transportation	-Inefficient traffic control schemes causing traffic jams	-Improved traffic control schemes which are adaptive to traffic conditions
Surveillance	-Need for a human operator who is prone to distraction	-Intelligent detection of abnormal situations without the need of an operator
Environmental Monitoring	-Hazardous conditions, like presence of dangerous gases, maybe detected too late	-Continuous environmental gas sensing ensures that hazardous conditions can be detected timely