Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, psychological, and heart rate variability characteristics
| Characteristics |
Healthy control (N = 55) |
Child-Pugh class |
p | Post-hoc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (N = 43) | B (N = 58) | C (N = 24) | ||||
|
Demographic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Age, year |
58.0 ± 11.8 |
56.6 ± 12.0 |
58.6 ± 11.1 |
60.7 ± 12.1 |
0.578 |
|
| Gender, Male (%) |
29 (52.7) |
25 (58.1) |
36 (62.1) |
12 (50.0) |
0.680 |
|
|
Clinical |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Child-Pugh score |
|
5.6 ± 0.5 |
7.9 ± 0.8 |
10.5 ± 0.9 |
<0.001 |
A < B < C |
| Duration of illness, year |
|
3.2 ± 3.4 |
3.1 ± 4.0 |
3.5 ± 3.6 |
0.940 |
|
| Viral hepatitis, N (%) |
|
32 (74.4) |
37 (63.8) |
14 (58.3) |
0.346 |
|
| Alcoholism, N (%) |
|
1 (2.3) |
8 (13.8) |
5 (20.8) |
0.048 |
A < B < C |
| Parasite, N (%) |
|
2 (4.7) |
1 (1.7) |
2 (8.3) |
0.368 |
|
| Autoimmune, N (%) |
|
2 (4.7) |
3 (5.2) |
0 (0) |
0.533 |
|
| Hepatic-encephalopathy, N (%) |
|
0 (0) |
5 (8.6) |
2 (8.4) |
0.143 |
|
| Ascites, N (%) |
|
3 (7.0) |
21 (36.2) |
21 (87.5) |
<0.001 |
A < B < C |
| Albumin, g/L |
|
35.4 ± 4.5 |
26.8 ± 4.9 |
26.2 ± 4.7 |
<0.001 |
A > B = C |
| ALT, U/L |
|
46.7 ± 44.7 |
39.3 ± 34.1 |
59.7 ± 77.7 |
0.233 |
|
| AST, U/L |
|
40.2 ± 21.7 |
57.5 ± 34.5 |
79.9 ± 54.2 |
<0.001 |
A = B < C |
| GGT, U/L |
|
71.2 ± 87.0 |
68.0 ± 69.4 |
95.8 ± 105.6 |
0.384 |
|
| ALP, U/L |
|
102.4 ± 60.6 |
114.2 ± 56.7 |
135.0 ± 59.9 |
0.105 |
|
| T-Bil, μmol/L |
|
23.2 ± 7.4 |
42.3 ± 38.8 |
91.9 ± 47.1 |
<0.001 |
A < B < C |
| D-Bil, μmol/L |
|
6.4 ± 3.2 |
14.1 ± 21.3 |
44.3 ± 33.9 |
<0.001 |
A = B < C |
| INR |
|
1.24 ± 0.14 |
1.66 ± 1.68 |
1.69 ± 0.36 |
0.185 |
|
|
Psychological measurements |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| PSQI |
|
6.4 ± 3.2 |
7.6 ± 4.6 |
10.0 ± 5.2 |
0.007 |
A = B < C |
| HAMD |
|
10.0 ± 10.4 |
11.2 ± 10.2 |
17.4 ± 9.6 |
0.017 |
A = B < C |
| HAMA |
|
5.8 ± 4.9 |
6.6 ± 5.9 |
8.8 ± 6.2 |
0.125 |
|
|
Heart rate variability |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mean heart rate, beats/minute |
84.4 ± 11.8 |
75.4 ± 11.0 |
80.1 ± 14.0 |
83.8 ± 16.7 |
0.011 |
H > A |
| SDNN, ms |
42.9 ± 15.1 |
34.7 ± 15.3 |
33.3 ± 20.5 |
22.8 ± 13.8 |
<0.001 |
H = A = B > C |
| RMSSD, ms |
28.2 ± 10.1 |
29.7 ± 14.8 |
27.8 ± 19.8 |
18.3 ± 11.7 |
0.035 |
H = A = B > C |
| VLF power, ln(ms2/Hz) |
7.58 ± 0.84 |
6.95 ± 0.96 |
6.60 ± 1.37 |
6.19 ± 1.22 |
0.051 |
|
| LF power, ln(ms2/Hz) |
6.99 ± 0.84 |
6.33 ± 1.12 |
5.84 ± 1.19 |
5.21 ± 1.48 |
<0.001 |
H = A > B > C |
| HF power, ln(ms2/Hz) |
6.56 ± 0.88 |
6.22 ± 1.17 |
5.81 ± 1.26 |
4.91 ± 1.60 |
0.044 |
H = A = B > C |
| LF/HF ratio |
1.67 ± 0.65 |
1.39 ± 0.98 |
1.29 ± 0.87 |
1.76 ± 1.42 |
0.086 |
|
| DFA, α |
0.80 ± 0.10 |
0.77 ± 0.15 |
0.77 ± 0.17 |
0.83 ± 0.13 |
0.340 |
|
| DFA, α1 |
1.14 ± 0.18 |
0.91 ± 0.27 |
0.81 ± 0.31 |
0.89 ± 0.25 |
<0.001 |
H > A = B = C |
| DFA, α2 | 0.94 ± 0.15 | 0.94 ± 0.22 | 0.98 ± 0.23 | 1.02 ± 0.20 | 0.384 | |
Post-hoc: (H) healthy control; (A) Child-Pugh Class A; (B) Child-Pugh Class B; (C) Child-Pugh Class C; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-Glutamyltransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; T-Bil: Total bilirubin; D-Bil: Direct bilirubin; INR: International normalized ratio of blood coagulation; PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; HAMD: Hamilton rating scale for depression; HAMA: Hamilton rating scale for anxiety; DFA: Detrended fluctuation analysis.