Table 2.
Summary of observational studies on the association between ARA and risk of skin cancer
| References | Study | Subjects | Exposure assessment | Skin cancer assessment (diagnosis) | Adjustment for potential confounders | Assessment of reporting quality * |
Main findings |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intergroup comparison | P or Ptrend | ||||||||
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Study design: case-control study (temporal relationship among exposure and outcome is unclear) | |||||||||
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Exposure assessment: dietary intake | |||||||||
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| Hakim et al. 2000 [48] |
Survey, USA, case-control design |
301 nonmetastatic skin SCC patients aged ≥30, 267 population-baseed controls with no prior history of skin cancer, matched by age, sex |
24-HDR of 4 days, validated |
Histopathologically diagnosed skin SCC selected from Southeastern Arizona Skin Cancer Registry |
Age, sex, total energy intake, history of diagnosed actinic keratosis, tanning ability, freckles on arms, use of sunscreen |
22 |
Dietary ARA intake, g/day, tertile |
OR (95% CI) |
Ptrend |
| T1: ≤0.1 |
1.00 |
0.16 |
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| T2: 0.11-0.20 |
0.86 (0.57-1.29) |
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| T3: >0.20 |
0.70 (0.46-1.08) |
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Exposure assessment: blood ARA level | |||||||||
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| Harris et al. 2005 [49] |
Survey, USA, case-control design |
336 nonmetastatic skin SCC patients aged ≥30, 321 controls with no prior history of skin cancer, matched by age, sex, race |
Erythrocyte fatty acids (fasting blood), GC analysis, precision indicated |
Histopathologically diagnosed skin SCC selected from Southeastern Arizona Skin Cancer Registry |
Age, sex, lab, tanning ability, freckles on arms, exclusion of 94 controls with history of prior actinic keratosis |
25 |
ARA composition weight%, quartile |
OR (95% CI) |
Ptrend |
| Q1 |
1.00 |
Not shown |
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| Q2 |
1.61 (0.92-2.80) |
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| Q3 |
1.40 (0.79-2.49) |
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| Q4 |
2.38 (1.37-4.12) |
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|
Exposure assessment: tissue ARA level | |||||||||
| Mackie et al. 1987 [50] | Survey, Australia, 1984-1985 | 100 primary melanoma patients, 100 controls with no history of malignant skin tumor, matched by age, sex, race | Subcutaneous adipose tissue triglyceride, GC analysis blinded to case-control status, precision not indicated | Selected from Sydney Melanoma Unit | None | 10 | ARA composition%, mean |
ARA composition%, mean |
P |
| Case: |
Control: |
|
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| 0.41 | 0.28 | <0.001 | |||||||
24-HDR: 24-h dietary recall, ARA Arachidonic, GC Gas chromatography, OR Odds Ratio, SCC Squamous cell caricinoma, USA United States of America.
*Result of the critical evaluation carried out using the STROBE tool.