Table 1.

Rates of PBD in epidemiological and clinic-referred samples

Publication	N	Ages & criteria	Prevalence	Description
Epidemiological studies
Carlson and Kashani (1988)	150	14–16 year olds in a community sample	Lifetime	13% (n = 20) endorsed ≥4 manic  symptoms, ≥2 days duration; 11 of  these 20 reported ≥7 days duration
Lewinsohn et al. (1995)	1,709	14–18 year olds in high schools of the  Pacific Northwest	Lifetime	Lifetime 1% (n = 18) met criteria for a  bipolar disorder;
				An additional 5.7% (n = 97) reported a  distinct period of abnormally and  persistently elevated, expansive or  irritable mood but did not meet DSM  criteria for a bipolar disorder
Costello et al. 1996	1,015	9–13 year olds in the rural Great Smoky  Mountains region	3 months	0 met criteria for mania, 0.1% met criteria  for hypomania
Kessler et al. 2009	347	13–17 year olds in the National  Comorbidity Survey Replication-  Adolescent (NCS-A)	Lifetime	2.3% bipolar I or II; 4.3% other bipolar  spectrum based on CIDI; prevalence of  all bipolar spectrum was 6.2% based on  KSADS and 6.6% based on CIDI
Clinic-referred samples
Wozniak et al. 1995	262	<12-year-old children consecutively  referred to a pediatric  psychopharmacology clinic	Lifetime	16% had experienced at least 1 episode of  mania meeting DSM-III-R criteria
Hazell et al. 2003	151	9–13-year-old boys with ADHD recruited  from psychiatry clinics or media	Lifetime	20% had experienced at least 1 episode of  mania meeting DSM-III-R criteria

Notes: CIDI, World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 3.0; KSADS, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children