Table 4.
Lifestyle factors (BMI, age, caffeine consumption, sexual behavior, smoking and stress linked to analyzed semen parameters
| |
Number of patients |
Ejaculation volume (ml/semen sample) |
Sperm concen-tration Mio/ml |
TSC Mio/ sample |
Motility |
MSOME |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade a | Grade b | Grade c | Grade d | Class I | Class II | Class III | ||||||
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
<25 |
692 |
2.8 (1.4) |
24.3 (31.2) |
63.2 (94.7) |
5.1 (7.9) |
32.8 (17.6) |
18.6 (14.3) |
43.5 a (20.6) |
6.4 (6.6) |
43.3 (14.2) |
50.3 (17.8) |
| |
>25 |
986 |
2.6 (1.5) |
22.5 (26.3) |
55.2 (90.8) |
4.7 (7.9) |
31.4 (17.8) |
17.7 (13.9) |
46.2 (20.7) |
5.8 (6.1) |
43.2 (14.6) |
51 (17.9) |
|
Age (years) |
<50 |
1598 |
2.7 (1.5) c |
23.5 (29.6) |
59.8 (94.7) b |
5.0 (7.9) b |
32.2 (17.7) b |
18,2 (14.1) |
44.6 c (20.6) |
6.1 (6.4) |
43.2 (14.5) |
50.7 (17.9) |
| |
>50 |
85 |
2.0 (1.2) |
22.1 (19.3) |
41.7 (43.5) |
2.9 (6.9) |
26.7 (16.5) |
17.7 (12.3) |
52.7 (20.4) |
5.4 (5.1) |
44.8 (12.5) |
49.8 (15.7) |
|
Coffee cups/day |
<3 |
1479 |
2.7 (1.5) |
23.1 (28.9) |
58 (91.2) |
4.9 (7.9) |
32.1 (17.8) |
17.9 (14.1) |
45.1 (20.6) |
6.2 (6.4) |
43 (14.3) |
50.8 (17.8) |
| |
>3 |
204 |
2.6 (1.5) |
25.8 (31.5) |
65.1 (104.1) |
4.3 (8.1) |
30.9 (16.7) |
18.2 (12.9) |
46.6 (21.4) |
5.5 (5.6) |
45.3 (15.2) |
49.2 (18.0) |
|
Abstinence period (days) |
<2 |
649 |
2.2 b (1.2) |
23.2 (33.2) |
48.7 c (111.9) |
4.8 (7.9) |
31.4 (18.4) |
18.8 (14.9) |
45.0 (20.8) |
6.4 (6.5) |
42.8 (14.5) |
50.8 (18.3) |
| |
>2 |
1033 |
3 (1.5) |
23.7 (26.4) |
65.3 (78.1) |
4.9 (7.9) |
32.3 (17.3) |
17.4 (13.4) |
45.4 (20.6) |
5.8 (6.2) |
43.5 (14.3) |
50.7 (17.5) |
|
Ejaculation frequency times/month |
>4 |
1519 |
2.7 (1.4) |
23.4 (29.8) |
58.4 (95.3) |
4.9 (8.0) |
32.2 (17.6) |
18 (14) |
44.9 (20.4) |
6.2 (6.4) a |
43.3 (14.5) |
50.5 (18.0) |
| |
<4 |
140 |
2.9 (1.6) |
23.5 (23.5) |
63.5 (66.9) |
4.7 (7.0) |
30.3 (18.5) |
17.8 (14.8) |
47.2 (22.9) |
5.1 (5.5) |
43.1 (13.2) |
51.8 (15.9) |
|
Alcohol intake |
No |
282 |
2.8 (1.4) |
21.3 |
57.4 |
5.0 |
32.7 |
16.0 |
46.3 |
5.7 |
43.0 |
51.3 |
| |
occasionally |
1127 |
2.7 (1.4) |
23.5 |
59.3 |
4.7 |
32.0 |
18.4 |
44.9 |
6.1 |
43.1 |
50.8 |
| |
frequent |
164 |
2.7 |
26.7 |
61.9 |
5.0 |
32.3 |
18.2 |
44.5 |
6.3 |
45.0 |
48.7 |
|
Smoking |
No/ occasionally |
1380 |
2.7 |
23.5 |
59.8 |
4.8 |
31.9 |
17.9 |
45.4 |
6.1 |
42.9 b |
51.0 a |
| |
frequent |
199 |
2.5 |
22.5 |
54.7 |
5.1 |
33.7 |
16.8 |
44.4 |
6.1 |
45.7 |
48.2 |
|
Stress |
No |
1163 |
2.7 |
23.0 |
58.0 |
4.6 a |
31.4 b |
18.1 b |
45.9 |
5.9 a |
42.6 b |
51.5 b |
| Yes | 431 | 2.7 | 24.4 | 62.5 | 5.5 | 34.1 | 17.2 | 43.2 | 6.6 | 45.0 | 48.4 | |
BMI: body mass index; TSC: total sperm count; standard deviation is given in brackets, a P value <0.05; b P value < 0.005; c P value < 0.001.