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. 2012 Dec 1;125(23):5597–5608. doi: 10.1242/jcs.114827

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Nutrient-sensing pathways in stem cells. Nutrient and energy-responsive signaling pathways impact stem cells in a variety of ways. Shown here is a schematic illustration of the cellular components that respond to energy availability to influence stem cell metabolism and fate. Blue shading highlights molecules that are active in a high-energy state. Red shading highlights molecules that are inactive in a high-energy state, or that are active in response to cellular stresses, such as low oxygen and low energy. AKT, protein kinase B; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ETC, electron transport chain; FOXO, Forkhead Box O; HIF1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1; Insulin–IGF1R:insulin–insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; LKB1, liver kinase B1; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; SIRT1, Sirtuin 1; SGK1, serum-glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1; S6K1, ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle (also known as Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle); 4E-BP1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1.