Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the participant groups
| Variable | HC Low-ELS (M/F = 10/10)
|
HC High-ELS (M/F = 14/13)
|
HIV+ Low-ELS (M/F = 13/11)
|
HIV+ High-ELS (M/F = 19/6)
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age (years) | 45.95 | 12.78 | 41.96 | 10.34 | 46.92 | 9.19 | 44.24 | 10.34 |
| Education (years) | 14.45a | 3.41 | 12.59 | 2.93 | 12.33a | 1.69 | 12.80 | 2.16 |
| Ethnic composition | ||||||||
| % Caucasian American | 80.0 | 70.4 | 62.5 | 52.0 | ||||
| % African American | 10.0 | 22.2 | 16.7 | 32.0 | ||||
| % Hispanic American | 0.0 | 3.7 | 8.3 | 12.0 | ||||
| % Biracial or “other” | 10.0 | 3.7 | 12.5 | 4.0 | ||||
| % Male | 50.0 | 51.9 | 54.2 | 76.0 | ||||
| MMSE (/30) | 28.25 | 1.07 | 28.56 | 1.31 | 28.46 | 1.06 | 28.68 | 0.80 |
| WTAR (SS) | 104.25 | 16.11 | 101.81 | 14.28 | 95.17 | 15.40 | 96.24 | 16.60 |
| Number of ELS events | 1.20a,b | 0.77 | 5.30a,c | 2.23 | 1.42c,d | 0.78 | 4.68b,d | 1.70 |
| CESD (/60) | 10.50a | 8.17 | 17.76 | 15.38 | 16.42 | 12.58 | 24.12a | 14.19 |
| PSS (/70) | 20.75a | 8.52 | 22.19 | 8.86 | 19.21b | 7.27 | 26.83a,b | 7.59 |
| PCLC (/85) | 30.45 | 14.34 | 35.04 | 17.05 | 35.38 | 15.00 | 42.08 | 17.21 |
| KMSK-Alcohol (/13) | 8.00 | 3.96 | 10.07 | 3.54 | 9.33 | 4.05 | 9.17 | 4.40 |
| KMSK-Cocaine (/16) | 3.00a | 5.11 | 5.67 | 6.42 | 6.88 | 6.47 | 9.63a | 6.54 |
| KMSK-Opiate (/13) | 0.15 | 0.49 | 1.63 | 3.35 | 1.58 | 3.54 | 2.96 | 4.70 |
| HCV-infected (%) | 0.0* | 14.8 | 20.8 | 44.0** | ||||
| Length of infection (years) | 14.46 | 6.60 | 13.04 | 7.98 | ||||
| Number of patients on cART | 21 | 20 | ||||||
| Nadir CD4 (cells/μl) | 167.35 | 129.59 | 203.68 | 191.47 | ||||
| Current CD4 (cells/μl) | 560.96 | 313.51 | 460.92 | 257.35 | ||||
| Viral load, Number of patients | ||||||||
| Undetectable (<75 copies/mL) | 16 | 20 | ||||||
| Low (<400 copies/mL) | 1 | 0 | ||||||
| High (>400 copies/mL) | 6 | 4 | ||||||
Note. HC = Healthy Control; ELS = early life stress; M/F = Male-Female; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Exam; WTAR = Wechsler Test of Adult Reading; SS = Standard Score; CESD = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; PSS = The Perceived Stress Scale; PCLC = PTSD Checklist—Civilian; KMSK = Kreek-McHugh-Schluger-Kellogg scale; HCV = hepatitis C virus; cART = combination antiretroviral therapy. Across rows, means with the same superscript are significantly different at the p <.05 level. Asterisks indicate that the reported value significantly deviates from expected values as determined by the chi-square test,
*
p ≤.05,
**
p ≤.01.