Figure 1.

In the tumour network, several different immune and non-immune cells respond to tumour stimuli and exhibit complex regulatory or immunosuppressive functions, either in a cell–cell contact-dependent manner or through the secretion of soluble mediators. ARG-1, arginase-1; Breg, regulatory B cell; DC, dendritic cell; G-MDSC and M-MDSC, granulocytic and myeloid-derived suppressor cells; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; NKT cells, natural killer T cells; NOS, nitric oxide species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TAM, tumour-associated macrophage; TAN, tumour-associated neutrophil; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; Treg, regulatory T cell; TSC, tumour stromal cell; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.