ROS generation induced by ALA-SDT. (A) Intracellular ROS generation in THP-1 macrophages detected by fluorospectrophotometer with the staining of fluorescent probe DCFH-DA. Data represent the means ± SD (n = 6 per group). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 compared with the control group; &P < 0.05 compared with the ultrasound alone group. (B) Fluorescent photomicrograph of THP-1 macrophages stained by DCFH-DA showing intracellular ROS.
Note: Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Abbreviations: ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acid; DCFH-DA, 2′-7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SD, standard deviation; SDT, sonodynamic therapy.