Figure 4.

Opportunity for sexual selection related to proportion of males attempting to reproduce parasitically, e.g. through sneaking, based on variance in male mating success when the proportion of unsuccessful (empty) nests is (a) 0.425 or (b) 0.689. Squares indicate opportunity for sexual selection when all parasitic fertilizations are done by a proportion of nest holders (0.1–1.0). Circles indicate results when all parasitic fertilizations are done by a proportion of non-nesting males (0.1–1.0). Horizontal dashed lines show opportunity for sexual selection without parasitic fertilizations (from Jones et al. [204]).