Table 1.
Epidemiology, clinical presentation and follow up of patients with Hyperemesis Cannabis Syndrome - Longitudinal case series and individual case reports
| Publication | Year | Country | n | Gender | Age Started (y) | Frequency (joints/day) | Age of presentation (y) | Illness duration (y) | Prodromal Illness | Abdominal Pain | Hot Bathing (No./day) | Weight Loss (Kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allen J. Cannabinoid hyperemesis: cyclical hyperemesis in association with chronic cannabis abuse | 2004 | Australia | 9 | - | 15.7 (12–19) | 88% (≥5–10) | 24.6 (14–44) | 4.7 (0.5–12) | 33% | - | 77% | 66% (≥10) |
| Soriano M. The Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome characterized by persistent nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, and compulsive bathing associated with chronic marijuana use: A report of eight cases in the United States | 2010 | US | 8 | M (62.5%) | 13.3 (9–20) | 75% (≥3–10) | 34.1 (21–35) | 2.6 (1–8) | 100% | 100% | 100% (≥3–8) | 75% (≥10) |
| Patterson D. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis and compulsive bathing: A case series and paradoxical pathophysiological explanation | 2010 | US | 4 | M (100%) | 18.7 (15–27) | 75% (≥4)* | 25.5 (18–39) | 4.75 (8m–9) | - | 50%* | 50% | - |
| Donnino M. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis: A case series | 2009 | US | 3 | M (100%) | 33.5 (23–51)* | 66% (≥2–4) | 29.6 (20–49) | 2.3 (2–3) | - | Yes | Yes | - |
| Miller J. Pediatric Cannabinoid Hyperemesis | 2010 | US | 2 | M (50%) | 17.5 (17–18) | Daily | 16* | 2* | - | Yes* | Yes | - |
| Chang Y. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis relieved by compulsive bathing | 2009 | US | 2 | - | 16 (14–18) | Daily | 17 (14–20) | 8.5 (7–9) | - | Yes | Yes | - |
| Seraina M. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: an underreported entity causing nausea and vomiting of pregnancy | 2010 | Switzerland | 1 | F | 23 | Daily | 20 | 3 | - | - | Yes | - |
| Sannarangappa V. Cannabinoid hyperemesis | 2009 | Australia | 1 | M | 19 | 8 | 24 | 10 | - | - | Yes | - |
| Sontineni S. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: Clinical diagnosis of an underrecognised manifestation of chronic cannabis abuse | 2009 | US | 1 | M | 16 | Daily | 22 | 2 months | - | Yes | Yes | - |
| Watts M. Cannabinoid hyperemesis presenting to a New Zealand hospital | 2009 | New Zeeland | 1 | M | 18 | Daily | 29 | 3 | - | Yes | Yes | - |
| Budhraja V. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Cyclic vomiting, chronic cannabis use, and compulsive bathing | 2008 | US | 1 | M | 16 | Daily | 18 | 8 months | - | Yes | Yes | - |
| Wallace D. Cannabinoid hyperemesis: marijuana puts patients in hot water | 2007 | Australia | 1 | M | 14 | ≥1g/1–2 day | 25 | 5 | - | Yes | Yes | - |
| Singh E. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis | 2006 | US | 1 | M | Childhood | 4 | 43 | 3 | - | Yes | Yes | ≥9 |
| Roche E. Cannabinoid hyperemesis: not just a problem in Adelaide Hills | 2005 | UK | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | Yes | - |
| Publication | Laboratory | UDS (+) | EGD | GES | Psychiatric Dx | Cannabis Cessation (length) | Resolution of Symptoms | Weight Gain (Kg) | Cannabis Resumption | Recurrence of symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allen J. et al 2004 | 44% (Leukocytosis) | 100% | 44% (gastritis) | 1 (delayed); 2 (normal); rest (N/A) | - | 77% (9–48 months) | Yes | 66% (≥5) | 55% | Yes |
| Soriano M. et al 2010 | 12.5% (Leukocytosis) | - | 75% (esophagitis) | 1 (normal) | 25% (depression, panic attacks) | 62.5% (N/A) | Yes (80%) | 80% (≥5) | 25% | Yes |
| Patterson D. et al 2010 | 25% (Hypokalemia) | 50% * | 75% (gastritis) | - | - | 100% (1m-1)° | Yes | - | 100% | Yes |
| Donnino M. et al 2009 | Hypokalemia | Yes | 1 (Normal)* | - | - | 66% (2–14 months) | Yes | - | - | - |
| Miller J. et al 2010 | Hypokalemia | Yes | Esophageal rings, gastritis | - | ADHD, depression | 1 month* | Yes | - | - | - |
| Chang Y, Windish D. 2009 | Leukocytosis | Yes | Normal | Delayed | Bipolar Disorder | - | - | - | - | - |
| Seraina M. et al 2010 | Normal | Yes | - | - | Psychogenic vomiting (?) | Yes° | Yes | - | - | - |
| Sannarangappa V, Tan C. 2009 | Leukocytosis, AKI | - | Normal | - | - | 2◆ | - | - | - | - |
| Sontineni S. et al 2009 | Normal | Yes | Esophagitis, Hiatal hernia | - | - | Yes° | Yes | - | - | - |
| Watts M. 2009 | Normal | - | Normal | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Budhraja V. et al 2008 | Hypokalemia | Yes | Gastritis | - | - | 5 months | Yes | - | - | - |
| Wallace D. et al 2007 | Normal | - | Normal | - | Anxiety, depression, OCD | 2 | Yes | Yes | - | - |
| Singh E, Coyle W. 2006 | Normal | - | - | - | - | 4 months | Yes | - | - | - |
| Roche E, Foster P. 2005 | Neutrophilia | - | Esophagitis | - | - | 3 | Yes | - | - | - |
*
Rest not reported or not available
°
Period of time not specified
n Cases reported, OCD Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Creat Creatinine, ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
*
Rest not reported or not available
°
Period of time not specified
n Cases reported, OCD Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, AKI Acute Kidney Injury, ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder