Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and treatment in RED-HF and other recent trials
| EMPHASIS-HF (n = 2737) | SHIFT (n = 6505) | RAFT (n = 1798) | HEAALa (n = 3834) | RED-HF (n = 2278) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean) | 69 | 60 | 66 | 66 | 70 (11.4) |
| Female sex (%) | 22 | 23 | 17 | 30 | 41 |
| NYHA class (%) | |||||
| II | 100 | 49 | 80 | 69 | 35 |
| III | 0 | 50 | 20 | 30 | 63 |
| IV | 0 | 2 | – | 1 | 2 |
| Race (%) | |||||
| White | 83 | 89 | – | 61 | 68 |
| Black | 2 | – | – | 1 | 9 |
| Asian | 12 | 8 | – | 22 | 14 |
| Other | 3 | 3 | – | 16 | 9 |
| Heart rate (mean) | 72 | 80 | – | 72 | 72 (11.2) |
| BP (mean) | |||||
| Systolic | 124 | 122 | – | 125 | 120 (18.0) |
| Diastolic | 75 | 76 | – | 72 | 69 (11.0) |
| LVEF (mean) | 26 | 29 | 23 | 33 | 30 (6.8) |
| QRS duration (mean) | 122 | – | 158 | – | 121 (39.4) |
| BMI (mean) | 28 | 28 | – | 27 | 27 (5.7) |
| Principal cause of HF (%) | |||||
| IHD | 69 | 67 | 67 | – | 72 |
| Non-IHD | 31 | 33 | 33 | – | 28 |
| Duration of HF (years) | 4.7 | 3.5 | – | – | 5.3 (5.4) |
| Medical history (%) | |||||
| Hospitalization for HF | 53 | 100b | 25c | – | 87 (37c) |
| Hypertension | 66 | 67 | 45 | 60 | 74 |
| Angina pectoris | 43 | – | – | 65 (IHD) | 32 |
| Unstable angina | – | – | – | – | 21 |
| Myocardial infarction | 50 | 56 | – | – | 54 |
| PCI | 22 | – | 24 | – | 28 |
| CABG | 19 | – | 34 | – | 28 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 31 | 8d | 13e | 28 | 32 |
| LBBBf | 27 | – | 72 | – | 19 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 31 | 31 | 34 | 31 | 46 |
| Stroke | 10 | 8 | – | – | 8 |
| Current smoker | – | 18 | 14 | – | 4 |
| Renal function | |||||
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 102 | – | – | 97 | 131 (49.3) |
| eGFR mL/min/1.73 m2 (mean) | 71 | 75 | 61 | – | 50 (21.3) |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (%) | 33 | – | 50 | – | 72 |
| Treatment (%) | |||||
| Diuretic | 85 | – | 85 | 77 | 91 |
| ACEi | 78 | 79 | – | NA | 63 |
| ARB | 19 | 14 | – | NA | 28 |
| ACEi, ARB, or both | 94 | – | 97 | NA | 89 |
| Beta-blocker | 87 | 90 | 90 | 72 | 85 |
| MRA | NA | 60 | 42g | 38 | 45 |
| Digoxin | 27 | 22 | 35 | 42 | 29 |
| Antithrombotic | – | – | – | 33 | 27 |
| Vitamin K antagonist | – | – | 34h | – | 27 |
| Antiplatelet | |||||
| Aspirin | – | – | 67 | 51 | 58 |
| Clopidogrel | – | – | 16 | – | 20 |
| Any | – | – | – | – | 66 |
| Antithrombotic or antiplatelet | 88 | – | – | – | 84 |
| Lipid lowering | 62 | 58i | 68i | 39i | 62i |
| CRT | 2 | 1 | – | – | 2 |
| ICD | 13 | 4 | – | – | 14 |
| CRT-D | 6 | – | – | 9 |
ACEi, ACE inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NA, not applicable.
aMedian.
bPer protocol, all patients had an admission for worsening heart failure within 12 months.
cIn previous 6 months.
dCurrent AF excluded.
ePermanent AF at baseline.
fNon-paced.
gSpironolactone.
hWarfarin.
iStatin.