Figure 17.

Clivina fossor (Linnaeus). This Clivina is one of the 62 carabid species accidentally introduced and established in North America and one of 18 that have been introduced independently on the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts. Many of the adventive species reached our borders in ballast used by Europeans to improve the stability of their trade ships on their way to America. Ballast consisted of stones, broken slates, mortar, bricks, rubbish, soil, and sand that were usually dumped along the shore at ports of entry and certainly constituted a good environment for the survival of carabids during ocean voyages.