Table 1.
INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPES IN SURGICAL INFLAMMATION | ||
---|---|---|
NEUROGENIC | IMMUNE | ENDOCRINE |
- Stress sensation |
- Bone marrow-related response |
- Epiblast-derived pluripotent stem cells |
- Inflammatory pain |
- Hematopoietic stem cell activation |
- Mesenchymal stem cell activation |
- Fight-to-flight effect |
- Signaling molecules: |
- Fibrocytes |
- Analgesia |
* Chemokines |
-Endothelial progenitor cells |
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical activation |
* Toll-like receptors |
- Signaling molecules: |
|
* Cytokines |
* Chemokines and their receptors |
- Sympatico-adrenal medullary activation |
- Leukocyte activation |
- Anabolic hormones |
- Tachycardia |
- Bacterial translocation |
* Insulin |
- Shock |
- Enzymatic stress |
* GH |
- Ischemia-reperfusion |
- Acute phase response |
* IGF1 |
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis activation |
- Coagulaton/Complement system activation |
- CARS |
|
|
- Resolution |
- Hydroelectrolytic alterations |
- Coagulopathy |
* Lipoxin |
- Interstitial edema |
- Dyslipidemia |
* Resolvins |
- Increased lymph flow |
- SIRS/MODS |
* Protectins |
- Hypoxia |
- Lymph node activation |
- Angiogenesis/vasculogenesis |
- Anaerobic acidosis |
- Local stress response by leukocytes |
- Blood capillaries |
- Hypothermia |
- Local cholesterol-derived hormones |
- Specialezed epithelium |
|
- Hypercatabolism |
- Energetic stress |
|
- Hypermetabolism |
- Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
- Centralization of neuroendocrine functions |
- PTSD |
CARS: Compensatory Anti-inflammatory Response Syndrome. SIRS/MODS: Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. PTSD: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.