Table 2. Demographics, lifestyle characteristics, and select hip fracture risk factors of study population in Guangzhou, China.
| Men (148 pairs) | Women (433 pairs) | |||||
| Cases | Controls | p | Cases | Controls | p | |
| Age, y | 70.03±6.96 | 69.49±6.99 | 0.016 | 71.37±6.62 | 71.39±6.48 | 0.898 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 20.93±2.11 | 23.21±2.36 | <0.001 | 21.40±3.90 | 22.93±3.07 | <0.001 |
| Marital status, N(%) | 0.006 | <0.001 | ||||
| Married | 116(78.4) | 130(88.4) | 230(53.6) | 296(69.0) | ||
| Unmarried/Divorced/Widowed | 32(21.6) | 17(11.6) | 199(46.4) | 133(31.0) | ||
| Education level, N(%) | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Primary school or below | 80(54.1) | 48(32.7) | 277(64.9) | 209(48.9) | ||
| Secondary school | 23(29.6) | 36(29.4) | 42(9.8) | 81(19) | ||
| High school or above | 45(30.4) | 63(42.9) | 108(25.3) | 137(32.1) | ||
| Occupationa, N(%) | 0.022 | 0.002 | ||||
| Full mental work | 31(20.9) | 36(24.3) | 64(14.8) | 80(186) | ||
| Main mental work | 28(18.9) | 48(32.4) | 64(14.8) | 99(23.0) | ||
| Main physical labor | 33(22.3) | 25(16.9) | 72(16.7) | 60(13.9) | ||
| Full physical labor | 49(33.1) | 36(24.3) | 208(48.3) | 153(35.5) | ||
| Other | 7(4.7) | 3(2.0) | 23(5.3) | 39(9.0) | ||
| Household income, Yuan/month/person, N(%) | 0.004 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤500 | 7(4.8) | 2(1.4) | 35(8.1) | 10(2.3) | ||
| 501∼2000 | 65(44.2) | 40(27.0) | 197(45.8) | 147(34.2) | ||
| 2000∼3000 | 54(36.7) | 79(53.4) | 147(34.2) | 195(45.3) | ||
| >3000 | 21(14.3) | 27(18.2) | 51(11.9) | 78(18.1) | ||
| Social status, N(%) | 0.008 | 0.001 | ||||
| Bad | 44(29.7) | 23(15.5) | 103(23.9) | 61(14.1) | ||
| General | 54(36.5) | 67(45.3) | 206(47.8) | 234(54.0) | ||
| Good | 50(33.8) | 58(39.2) | 122(28.3) | 138(31.9) | ||
| Family history of fractures, N(%) | 0.087 | 0.137 | ||||
| Father | 9(6.1) | 5(3.4) | 17(3.9) | 12(2.8) | ||
| Mother | 13(8.8) | 5(3.4) | 53(12.3) | 36(8.3) | ||
| Orientation of houseb, N(%) | 0.043 | 0.211 | ||||
| Exposure to the sun | 122(82.4) | 129(90.2) | 337(78.9) | 321(75.2) | ||
| Smoking statusc, N(%) | 69(46.6) | 54(36.5) | 0.077 | 17(3.9) | 7(1.6) | 0.064 |
| Passive smokingd, N(%) | 45(30.4) | 20(13.5) | <0.001 | 95(22.0) | 76(17.6) | 0.081 |
| Alcohol drinkere, N(%) | 28(18.9) | 18(12.2) | 0.143 | 10(2.3) | 16(3.7) | 0.327 |
| Tea drinkerf, N(%) | 60(40.5) | 86(58.1) | 0.003 | 139(32.2) | 169(39.1) | 0.042 |
| Calcium supplement user, N(%) | 18(12.2) | 39(26.4) | 0.001 | 134(30.9) | 171(39.5) | 0.006 |
| Multivitamin user, N(%) | 11(7.4) | 39(26.4) | <0.001 | 36(8.3) | 103(23.8) | <0.001 |
| Physical activityg, MET• h/d | 69.01±47.91 | 71.28±43.59 | 0.624 | 76.35±45.30 | 88.36±64.37 | 0.001 |
| Years since menopause, y | 22.48±7.56 | 21.19±8.96 | 0.001 | |||
| Oral contraceptive user, N(%) | 25(6.0) | 76(18.3) | <0.001 | |||
| Estrogen user, N(%) | 7(1.7) | 42(10.1) | <0.001 | |||
Continuous variables were described by means ±standard deviation.
Occupation: “mental work” refers to those works which need less physical activity, such as administrators, managers, clerks, professionals or other white collars.
House orientations: ‘head’ referred to the orientation of the living room. Housing with east, south, southeast, southwest, northeast, and northwest orientations designated a head in the sun and other orientations designated a head in the shade.
Smoking was defined as having smoked ≥1 cigarette daily for at least six consecutive months.
Passive smoking was defined as being exposed to other's tobacco smoking for ≥5 minutes daily in the previous five years.
Alcohol drinkers were defined as having had wine ≥1 time(s) daily for at least six consecutive months.
Tea drinkers were defined as drinking at least one cup of tea per week in the previous six months.
Physical activities included daily occupational, leisure-time, and household-chores, evaluated by metabolic equivalent (MET) hours per day.