FIG. 1.

Functional electrical stimulation (FES): representative in vivo bladder pressure recordings during electrical stimulation. Stimulation of the implanted tripolar nerve cuff electrodes surrounding the genitofemoral nerve proximal to the nerve transfer site (left side) and intraoperative pelvic nerve stimulation with unipolar probe electrode immediately before the animals were euthanized (right side). Fluid flow out the urethra was noted during each electrical stimulation that induced increased bladder pressure. (Top) From dog 2 (Table 1) in which the genitofemoral nerve transfer (GF NT) surgery was performed 1 month after denervation. (Bottom) From dog 6 (Table 1) in which the GF NT surgery was performed 3 months after denervation.