TABLE III.

Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Factors Proposed to be Associated With Overall Survival

	Univariate			Multivariate
Prognostic factor	Hazard ratio	95% CI	p-value	Hazard ratio	95% CI	p-value
Age at surgery	1.01	1.00–1.02	<0.001	1.01	1.00–1.02	0.02
Male gender	0.95	0.84–1.07	0.4	—	—	—
Caucasian race	1.19	1.04–1.36	0.01	1.39	0.92–2.09	0.1
Size of tumor
≤2 cm	Reference			Reference
>2 to <5 cm	1.39	1.20–1.60	<0.001	1.27	0.95–1.71	0.1
≥5 cm	1.83	1.50–2.22	<0.001	1.58	1.03–2.44	0.04
CA 19-9 >100 mg/dl	1.46	1.19–1.80	<0.001	1.21	0.95–1.55	0.13
Extent of surgery
Classic pancreaticoduodenectomy	Reference			Reference
Pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy	0.93	0.81–1.05	0.2	0.95	0.74–1.23	0.7
Total pancreatectomy	1.70	1.23–2.33	0.001	1.44	0.77–2.70	0.3
Receipt >2 PC, during surgery	1.13	1.09–1.18	<0.001	1.11	0.97–1.28	0.1
AJCC T3/T4 status	1.17	1.04–1.33	0.01	1.18	0.88–1.60	0.3
Positive nodal status	1.59	1.37–1.83	<0.001	1.59	1.14–2.22	0.006
Poor differentiation	1.62	1.43–1.82	<0.001	1.59	1.03–2.44	0.04
Presence of vascular invasion	1.26	1.10–1.44	0.001	1.04	0.82–1.32	0.76
Presence of peri-neural invasion	1.50	1.21–1.87	<0.001	1.32	0.92–1.91	0.1
Positive resection margin	1.67	1.47–1.89	<0.001	1.31	1.03–1.68	0.03
Adjuvant chemotherapy	0.84	0.73–0.97	0.01	0.80	0.62–1.04	0.1
Adjuvant radiotherapy	0.89	0.77–1.03	0.1	—	—	—

PC. packed cells; CA-19-9, pre-operative carbohydrate antigenic determinant 19-9,