Table 1.

Importance of commensal microbiota for Group II autoimmunity revealed by experiments with germ-free and gnotobiotic animals

A. Monogenic diseases are insensitive to commensal regulation    IPEX (FoxP3 deletion in adult mice) (Chinen et al. 2010)    APECED (AIRE knockout) (Gray et al. 2007)    Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda) deficiency-dependent gastritis (Hase et al. 2008)

B. Diseases that develop independently of commensals    Type 1 diabetes in mice (Wen et al. 2008) and rats (Rossini et al. 1979)

C. Diseases that develop independent of commensals, but commensals amplify the disease    Models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in collagen-immunized rats (Bjork et al. 1994)    RA in K/BxN mice (Wu et al. 2010)    Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE in MRL.lpr mice) (Maldonado et al. 1999)    Experimental encephalomyelitis (EAE) caused by immunization with MOG peptide (Lee et al. 2011)

D. Diseases that require commensals    EAE (T-cell receptor transgenic model) (Berer et al. 2011)    Ankylosing enthesopathy in B10.BR mice (Rehakova et al. 2000; Sinkorova et al. 2008)    RA in IL1R-antagonist KO (Abdollahi-Roodsaz et al. 2008)

The experiments listed in the table are not exhaustive.