TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants who completed the study1
| Variables | WL-D (n = 19) | WM-D (n = 20) | WL-Pl (n = 22) | WM-Pl (n = 21) | P |
| Age (y) | 58.1 ± 5.7 | 58.3 ± 6.8 | 56.3 ± 5.4 | 58.3 ± 5.1 | 0.625 |
| YSM | 6.9 ± 4.7 | 9.2 ± 8.0 | 7.7 ± 9.9 | 8.4 ± 6.9 | 0.793 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 ± 3.2 | 30.4 ± 3.7 | 30.9 ± 4.5 | 29.2 ± 3.2 | 0.504 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 35.1 ± 8.2 | 35.6 ± 7.0 | 37.3 ± 8.3 | 30.9 ± 9.3 | 0.080 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 40.5 ± 5.0 | 41.8 ± 5.3 | 42.4 ± 7.0 | 38.4 ± 4.4 | 0.108 |
| Total-body BMC (g) | 2455 ± 372 | 2416 ± 238 | 2489 ± 358 | 2273 ± 326 | 0.161 |
| Total-body BMD (g/cm2) | 1.176 ± 0.097 | 1.161 ± 0.078 | 1.171 ± 0.086 | 1.117 ± 0.078 | 0.112 |
| Total hip BMD (g/cm2) | 1.011 ± 0.120a | 0.976 ± 0.108a,b | 1.000 ± 0.130a,b | 0.914 ± 0.095b | 0.038 |
| Lumbar spine L2–L4 (g/cm2) | 1.235 ± 0.19 | 1.196 ± 0.14 | 1.238 ± 0.18 | 1.134 ± 0.13 | 0.139 |
| TFCA (fraction) | 0.24 ± 0.09 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.20 ± 0.05 | 0.225 |
All values are means ± SDs. Eleven percent of women were taking thyroid medications [WL-D (n = 1), WM-D (n = 2), WL-Pl (n = 4), and WM-Pl (n = 1)]. P values represent results of 1-factor ANOVA for the 4 groups. Values in the same row with different superscript letters represent significant differences in group means, P < 0.05. Tukey's post hoc analysis was performed when a P value was significant. BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density; TFCA, true fractional calcium absorption; WL-D, weight loss and vitamin D3 supplementation; WL-Pl, weight loss and placebo; WM-D, weight maintenance and vitamin D3 supplementation; WM-Pl, weight maintenance and placebo; YSM, years since menopause.