Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| M (SD)/N (%)
|
P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 176) | Intervention group (N = 86) | Control group (N = 90) | ||
| Age | 75.41 (7.31) | 77.41 (6.75) | 73.50 (7.35) | 0.001 |
| Sex | 0.469 | |||
| Male | 26 (14.8%) | 11 (12.8%) | 15 (16.7%) | |
| Female | 150 (85.2%) | 75 (87.2%) | 75 (83.3%) | |
| Education in years | 3.56 (3.77) | 2.92 (3.36) | 4.17 (4.05) | 0.058 |
| Marital status | 0.628 | |||
| Single | 6 (3.4%) | 4 (4.7%) | 2 (2.2%) | |
| Married | 70 (39.8%) | 37 (43.0%) | 33 (36.7%) | |
| Remarried | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) | |
| Divorced | 2 (1.1%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (1.1%) | |
| Separated | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) | |
| Widowed | 96 (54.5%) | 44 (51.2%) | 52 (57.8%) | |
| Living arrangement | 0.946 | |||
| Alone | 63 (35.8%) | 31 (36%) | 32 (35.6%) | |
| Not alone | 113 (64.2%) | 55 (64%) | 58 (64.4%) | |
| Number of people living together (including self) | 1.98 (1.03) | 1.88 (0.90) | 2.18 (1.13) | 0.391 |
| Maid | 0.357 | |||
| Full time | 7 (4.0%) | 3 (3.5%) | 4 (4.4%) | |
| Part time | 2 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.2%) | |
| Without maid | 167 (94.9%) | 83 (96.5%) | 84 (93.3%) | |
| Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) | 0.015 | |||
| With CSSA | 34 (19.3%) | 23 (26.7%) | 11 (12.2%) | |
| Without CSSA | 142 (80.7%) | 63 (73.3%) | 79 (87.8%) | |
| CMMSE | 25.92 (2.30) | 25.74 (2.27) | 26.09 (2.33) | 0.322 |
Abbreviations: CMMSE, Cantonese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination; M, mean value; SD, standard deviation.