Table 1.

Effects of cannabidiol on different types of cancer

Cancer	In vitro effect	Receptor involvement	ROS production	Molecular cell signalling	Autophagy	Apoptosis	In vivo effect	Reference
Breast	↓ proliferation	CB2;	↑	NC	NC	+	↓ xenografts growth	[26]
		TRPV1					↓ lung metastases
	↓ viability	non-CB1;	↑	↓ pAkt; ↑ cytochrome C	+	+	NC	[29]
		non-CB2;
		non-TRPV1		Bid translocation
	↓ invasion	NC	↑	↓ Id-1; ↑ pERK	NC	NC	↓ tumour growth	[27, 28]
							↓ size and number of metastases
Glioma	↓ proliferation	non-CB1;	↑	↓ pERK; ↓ pAkt; ↓ HIF-1α	NC	+	↓ tumour growth	[32, 33, 36, 37]
		partial-CB2;		↑ cytochrome C
		non-TRPV1		caspase activation
	↓ proliferation and invasiveness	NC	NC	NC	NC	NC	NC	[34]
	↓ migration	non-CB1;	NC	Ptx insensitive	NC	NC	NC	[38]
		non-CB2;
		non-TRPV1
Leukaemia	↓ viability	NC	NC	caspase-3 activation	NC	+	NC	[39]
	↓ viability	CB2	↑	↓ p-p38	NC	+	↓ tumour burden	[40]
				caspase activation; ↓ Bid			↑ tumour cell apoptosis
				↑ cytochrome C
Lung	↓ invasion	CB1;	NC	↑ p-p38; ↑ p-ERK; ↑ TIMP-1	NC	NC	↓ lung metastases	[46, 47]
		CB2;
		TRPV1		↓ PAI-1			↓ PAI-1 in xenografts
Thyroid thymoma	cytostatic effect	NC	NC	NC	NC	+	NC	[26]
	↓ viability	NC	↑	NC	NC	+	NC	[50]
Colon	↓ proliferation	CB1;	NC	↓ Akt; ↑ 2-AG	NC	+	↓ ACF, polyps and tumours	[52]
		TRPV1;
		PPARγ		↑ caspase-3

NC = not checked. ↑ increase; ↓ decrease.