Table 1.
Population characteristics: a comparison of depressed and not depressed adult cohort members by gender (N = 1,228)
| Females (N = 625) | Males (N = 603) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not depressed | Depressed | p value (logit) | Not depressed | Depressed | p value (logit) | |
| Childhood risk factors | ||||||
| Low birth weight | 17.59 % | 15.04 % | 0.547 | 12.82 % | 11.82 % | 0.793 |
| Maternal age (range, 13–46 years), mean | 25.41 | 25.31 | 0.880 | 25.39 | 25.14 | 0.737 |
| Parental death | 12.37 % | 7.49 % | 0.174 | 11.92 % | 10.98 % | 0.800 |
| Maternal education (range, 0–22), mean | 10.20 | 10.76 | 0.030 | 10.58 | 10.55 | 0.916 |
| Number of children in the household | 4.28 | 4.44 | 0.532 | 4.30 | 4.50 | 0.474 |
| Intelligence quotient (IQ) (range, 67–129), mean | 96.34 | 96.37 | 0.973 | 94.62 | 94.33 | 0.859 |
| Lower school expectations (range, 1–5), mean | 2.14 | 2.44 | 0.004 | 2.18 | 2.30 | 0.280 |
| Mother Symptom Inventory (MSI) (range, 0–43), mean | 10.12 | 9.94 | 0.821 | 9.58 | 9.18 | 0.644 |
| First-grade aggressive behavior (range, 0–3), mean | 0.35 | 0.59 | 0.010 | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.621 |
| First-grade underachievement (range, 0–3), mean | 0.57 | 0.66 | 0.421 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.648 |
| First-grade shy behavior (range, 0–3), mean | 0.37 | 0.51 | 0.108 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.749 |
| Family history and contextual risk factors across childhood and adolescence | ||||||
| Maternal history of psychological distress | ||||||
| None | 48.88 % | 46.96 % | Ref | 45.32 % | 48.96 % | Ref |
| Childhood or adolescence only | 39.76 % | 32.75 % | 0.582 | 39.03 % | 35.46 % | 0.549 |
| Persistent | 11.36 % | 20.29 % | 0.072 | 15.65 % | 15.58 % | 0.810 |
| Poverty status | ||||||
| Not poor | 36.81 % | 28.93 % | Ref | 33.11 % | 20.96 % | Ref |
| Childhood or adolescence only | 32.51 % | 30.58 % | 0.548 | 34.77 % | 36.12 % | 0.171 |
| Persistent poverty | 30.69 % | 40.49 % | 0.062 | 32.13 % | 42.92 % | 0.028 |
| Female-headed household | ||||||
| Neither | 50.09 % | 41.73 % | Ref | 46.30 % | 37.61 % | Ref |
| Either childhood and adolescence | 32.72 % | 31.37 % | 0.611 | 34.21 % | 33.94 % | 0.518 |
| Both childhood and adolescence | 17.18 % | 26.90 % | 0.042 | 19.49 % | 28.45 % | 0.069 |
| Adolescent risk factors | ||||||
| Reading test score (24–137), mean | 85.89 | 86.19 | 0.875 | 82.66 | 80.23 | 0.179 |
| Physical health (range, 1–4), mean | 1.30 | 1.32 | 0.735 | 1.32 | 1.26 | 0.492 |
| Higher family communication (range, 1–6), mean | 3.92 | 4.30 | 0.106 | 3.73 | 3.95 | 0.360 |
| Family conflict (range, 1–6), mean | 3.71 | 4.46 | <0.001 | 3.41 | 4.05 | 0.002 |
| Low parental supervision | 15.77 % | 18.77 % | 0.606 | 24.12 % | 38.14 % | 0.027 |
| Age of onset of marijuana use | ||||||
| No use by age 16 years | 48.33 % | 41.52 % | Ref | 34.05 % | 22.70 % | Ref |
| Ages 13–16 years | 48.63 % | 50.69 % | 0.488 | 56.90 % | 61.60 % | 0.165 |
| Age 12 years or younger | 3.04 % | 7.78 % | 0.107 | 9.04 % | 15.71 % | 0.072 |
| Delinquent behavior (range, 0–69), mean | 9.59 | 13.10 | 0.006 | 15.32 | 19.02 | 0.022 |
| Depressed mood (range, 7–42), mean | 13.84 | 15.42 | 0.075 | 13.39 | 14.68 | 0.166 |
| Anxious mood (range, 7–42), mean | 19.48 | 20.72 | 0.207 | 17.74 | 18.68 | 0.383 |