Table 2.
Individual, housing, and neighborhood characteristics associated with asthma diagnosis by age 5
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Model 1e Adj. OR (95% CI) | Model 2f Adj. OR (95% CI) | Model 3g Adj. OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical characteristics | ||||
| Race/ethnicity (mother) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.00 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | – | – |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2.16 (1.52, 3.08)** | 1.88 (1.28, 2.76)** | – | – |
| Puerto Rican | 4.70 (2.53, 8.73)** | 4.34 (2.25, 8.37)** | – | – |
| Mexican | 1.50 (0.95, 2.34) | 1.28 (0.78, 2.09) | – | – |
| Other Hispanic | 2.27 (1.37, 3.77)* | 1.97 (1.16, 3.33)* | – | – |
| American Indian/Asian | 1.43 (0.63, 3.26) | 1.25 (0.54, 2.93) | – | – |
| Education level (mother) | ||||
| College graduate/graduate school | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | – | – |
| Some college or technical school | 3.09 (1.74, 5.49)** | 2.50 (1.35, 4.65)** | – | – |
| High school grad or GED | 2.89 (1.63, 5.12)** | 2.00 (1.04, 3.82)* | – | – |
| <High school graduate | 3.20 (1.83, 3.59)** | 2.18 (1.14, 4.17)* | – | – |
| Household income (% of FPL) | ||||
| 300 + % | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | – | – |
| 100–299 % | 1.44 (1.02, 2.04)* | 0.97 (0.63, 1.52) | – | – |
| 0–99 % | 1.58 (1.12, 2.22)** | 1.00 (0.63, 1.52) | – | – |
| Male gender (child) | 1.63 (1.29, 2.07)** | 1.71 (1.35, 2.17)** | – | – |
| Allergy symptoms in last 12 months (child) | 2.62 (1.40, 4.90)** | 2.97 (1.55, 5.69)** | – | – |
| Insurance coverage (child) | ||||
| Private insurance | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | – | – |
| Medicaid | 1.36 (1.05, 1.75)* | 1.04 (0.77, 1.42) | – | – |
| No insurance coverage | 2.04 (1.28, 3.25)** | 1.86 (1.13, 3.05)* | – | – |
| ≥1 smokers inside the child’s home | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) | 1.16 (0.91, 1.48) | – | – |
| Housing conditions (child’s home environment) | ||||
| Exterior in poor conditiona | 1.79 (1.38, 2.32)** | – | 1.61 (1.19, 2.18)* | – |
| Interior in poor condition (physical)b | 1.63 (1.17, 2.26)** | – | 1.14 (0.78, 1.67) | – |
| Interior in poor condition (social)c | 1.38 (1.10, 2.26)** | – | 1.18 (0.92, 1.51) | – |
| Neighborhood conditions (immediate block environment) | ||||
| Block in poor conditiond | 1.61 (1.12, 2.17)* | – | – | 1.30 (0.95, 1.78) |
| Neighborhood characteristics (census tract) | ||||
| % 25+ population with bachelor’s | 0.07 (0.02, 0.19)** | – | – | 0.09 (0.03, 0.34)** |
| % occupied housing units rentals | 1.51 (0.93, 2.46) | – | – | 1.04 (0.52, 2.03) |
| % housing units vacant | 10.81 (2.37, 49.24)** | – | – | 2.07 (0.33, 13.08) |
| % population non-Hispanic Black | 1.56 (1.16, 2.11)** | – | – | 1.05 (0.73, 1.50) |
| % families <federal poverty level | 4.02 (1.90, 8.50)** | – | – | 0.85 (0.23, 3.14) |
| R2 | 0.0711 | 0.0182 | 0.0286 | |
| AIC | 1,781.92 | 1,827.01 | 1,818.42 | |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, FPL federal poverty level
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01
aHome exteriors in “poor condition” had interviewer-observed evidence of peeling paint, crumbling walls, or broken windows
bHome interiors in “poor condition” (physical) had interviewer-observed evidence of cracks or holes in the walls/ceiling, or evidence of rodents
cHome interiors in “poor condition” (social) had interviewer-observed evidence of dark, cluttered, crowded, noisy, or unclean interiors
dBlocks in “poor condition” had interviewer-observed evidence of graffiti, litter, vacant homes, or nearby homes in poor condition
eModel 1 includes demographic and clinical characteristics only
fModel 2 includes housing conditions only
gModel 3 includes census tract and block characteristics only