Table 3.
Individual, housing, and neighborhood characteristics associated with asthma diagnosis by age 5
| Model 4e Adj. OR (95% CI) | Model 5f Adj. OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical characteristics | ||
| Race/ethnicity (mother) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.81 (1.23, 2.66)** | 1.88 (1.17, 3.02)** |
| Puerto Rican | 4.50 (2.3, 8.68)** | 4.53 (2.29, 8.96)** |
| Mexican | 1.33 (0.81, 2.18) | 1.32 (0.80, 2.17) |
| Other Hispanic | 2.01 (1.18, 3.42)* | 1.93 (1.12, 3.32)* |
| American Indian/Asian | 1.27 (0.54, 2.98) | 1.45 (0.61, 3.47) |
| Education level (mother) | ||
| College graduate/graduate school | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Some college or technical school | 2.49 (1.34, 4.62)** | 2.16 (1.14, 4.06)* |
| High school grad or GED | 1.95 (1.02, 3.74)* | 1.66 (0.85, 3.21) |
| <High school graduate | 2.09 (1.09, 4.00)* | 1.75 (0.91, 3.40) |
| Household income (% of FPL) | ||
| 300+ % | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| 100–299 % | 1.08 (0.69, 1.70) | 1.20 (0.76, 1.89) |
| 0–99 % | 1.07 (0.71, 1.61) | 1.17 (0.78, 1.76) |
| Male gender (child) | 1.63 (1.29, 2.07)** | 1.71 (1.35, 2.17)** |
| Hay fever/allergies (child) | 1.68 (1.33, 2.14)** | 1.68 (1.32, 2.14)** |
| Insurance coverage (child) | ||
| Private insurance | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Medicaid | 1.03 (0.76, 1.40) | 1.01 (0.74, 1.38) |
| No insurance coverage | 1.83 (1.11, 3.00)* | 1.76 (1.07, 2.90)* |
| ≥1 smokers inside the child’s home | 1.12 (0.87, 1.43) | 1.08 (0.84, 1.39) |
| Housing conditions (child’s home environment) | ||
| Exterior in poor conditiona | 1.47 (1.08, 2.01)* | 1.46 (1.06, 2.00)* |
| Interior in poor condition (physical)b | 1.09 (0.74, 1.62) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.63) |
| Interior in poor condition (social)c | 1.07 (0.82, 1.39) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.38) |
| Neighborhood conditions (immediate block environment) | ||
| Block in poor conditiond | – | 1.06 (0.76, 1.50) |
| Neighborhood characteristics (census tract) | ||
| % 25+ population with bachelor’s degree | – | 0.17 (0.04, 0.70)* |
| % occupied housing units rentals | – | – |
| % housing units vacant | – | 1.88 (0.27, 13.14) |
| % population non-Hispanic Black | – | 0.81 (0.48, 1.35) |
| % families <federal poverty level | – | 1.21 (0.30, 4.87) |
| R2 | 0.0804 | 0.0901 |
| AIC | 1,776.76 | 1,775.198 |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, FPL federal poverty level
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01
aHome exteriors in “poor condition” had interviewer-observed evidence of peeling paint, crumbling walls, or broken windows
bHome interiors in “poor condition” (physical) had interviewer-observed evidence of cracks or holes in the walls/ceiling, or evidence of rodents
cHome interiors in “poor condition” (social) had interviewer-observed evidence of dark, cluttered, crowded, noisy, or unclean interiors
dBlocks in “poor condition” had interviewer-observed evidence of graffiti, litter, vacant homes, or nearby homes in poor condition
eModel 4 includes demographic and housing characteristics only
fModel 5 includes individual-level sociodemographic, housing characteristics, interviewer observed/participant reported neighborhood characteristics, and census tract level neighborhood variables