FIG. 10.

Exercise results in large metabolic challenges to skeletal muscle that cause mitochondrial biogenesis and alteration of the mitochondrial network affecting fusion and fission. ROS are important signaling molecules for muscle contractions, PGC-1α, MAPK, as well as for transcription factor NF-κB. NAD⁺/NADH levels are readily modified by ROS and could affect the activity of sirtuins (To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars.) AP-1, activator protein-1; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Mn-SOD, manganese superoxide dismutase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappaB; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α.