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Exercise results in enhanced ROS production, which activates the p38γ MAPK, AMPK, and HIF1α pathways leading to mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis that are an important part of exercise-induced adaptation. AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1a; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
