FIG. 13.
Exercise induces marked release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which binds to troponin to allow the generation of cross bridges between myosin and actin filaments. Moreover, it activates calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) that could lead to enhanced expression of GLUT4 glucose transporter. Then, as a result of insulin-mediated signaling, more GLUT4 can translocate to the membranes leading to increased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. CaMK can also activate increased capillarization via VEGF. PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. (To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars.)