Table 1.

Clinical Studies Using Intraoperative Hypothermia for Neurosurgical Procedure

Authors and year	No. of cases	Operative procedure (number)	Cooling method	Complication	Mean target temperature (°C)	Mean duration of hypothermia (minutes)	Mean rewarming rate (°C/hour)	Mean rewarming temperature (°C)	Effectiveness of hypothermia
Baker et al., 1994	30 (Normo 17, Hypo 13)	Elective craniotomy for supratentorial tumor resection (14), aneurysm repair (14) other (2)	WB	Shivering (Normo 0 case vs. Hypo 7 cases, p=0.002) no severe complications	34.3±0.4	NR	0.7±0.6	35.8±1.0	NR
Clifton and Christensen, 1992	21 Hypo	Aneurysm surgery with elective craniotomy (21)	WB	No complications	32.0	NR	NR	NR	NR
Hindman et al., 1999	114 (Normo 57, Hypo 57)	SAH clipping (52), unruptured aneurysm clipping (62)	AC	No significant difference between Normo and Hypo. No severe complications	33.7 (33.2–34.2)	NR	NR	35.7 (34.9–36.4)	NS
Sato et al., 2000	60 (Normo 28, Hypo 32)	SAH clipping	AC and WB	NR	34.0	NR	Time: 115 minutes (45–250 minutes)	36.2	NR
Steinberg et al., 2004	153 Hypo	Elective open craniotomy for unruptured cerebral aneurysm	WB (61) versus endo(92)	Postoperative infection 4.3% endo versus 4.9% WB, NS. No severe complications in all.	33.0	274	1.88 (WB) versus 0.69 (endo)	(35–36)	NS between WB and endo
Todd et al., 2005	1000 (Normo 501, Hypo 499)	SAH clipping	AC	Postoperative bacteremia (5% Hypo vs. 3% Normo, p=0.05), no severe complications in all	33.0 (32.5–33.5)	324±120	NR	36.4±1.0	NS
Hindman et al., 2010	441 (Normo 233, Hypo 208)	SAH patients undergoing temporary clipping	AC	NR	33.3°C–0.8°C	NR	Time: 120 minutes	36.7°–0.5°C	NS

This table is partially quoted from the literature of Choi et al., 2009. Ranges are listed inside the parentheses.

Normo, normothermia; Hypo, hypothermia; SAH, subarachnoidal hemorrhage; WB, water blanket cooling; AC, air cooling; endo, endovascular cooling; comp, complication; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; NS, not significant.