Figure 4.

Mechanisms underlying anti-angiogenic therapy cardiotoxicity through aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise induces cardioprotection via upregulation of VEGF expression; a nitric oxide-dependant increase in endothelial progenitor cells; and activation of STAT3 resulting in erythropoietin secretion and binding to cardiac progenitor cells, causing differentiation into endothelial cells.

Abbreviations: CPC, cardiac progenitor cells; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NO, nitric oxide; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; EC, endothelial cell; EPO, erythropoietin; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.